The process of sound wave generation by light, known as the photoacoustic effect, is quite general and can be initiated in liquids and solids as well as gases. The Diebold group has focused on photoacoustic research for the last several decades, investigating fundamental phenomena and new effects. Much of the current effort in the group has been devoted to transient grating experiments, a photoacoustic recording method that has high time resolution. Another research direction for the Diebold group has been x-ray phase contrast imaging, and and a new imaging method based on the ultrasonic vibration potential. 

In 1898 Alexander Graham Bell found that when an infrared active gas is exposed to modulated radiation, a periodic heating of the gas takes place causing sound waves to be generated. This process of sound wave generation, now known as the photoacoustic effect, is quite general and can be initiated in liquids and solids as well as gases. Perhaps the outstanding feature of the photoacoustic effect is its remarkable sensitivity when a laser is used as the optical source. We recently have been investigating another fascinating property of the photoacoustic effect. When a pulsed laser irradiates a particle, the time profile of the emitted pressure wave is determined by both the geometry of the particle and its acoustic properties. The first stage in the research done here was development of theory for determining the time profiles of the waves by solving the wave equation for pressure. Later, experiments with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser were carried out to verify the theory and to find its limitations. Thus, an analytical technique, a kind of spectroscopy of particles, has been developed whereby a recording of a photoacoustic wave can be used to determine the geometry of a body, its sound speed, and density. A development that came as a result of the work with particles was the investigation of a photoacoustic device that acted as an acoustic laser. That is, when layers of a weak optical absorber are juxtaposed between transparent layers that have identical acoustic transit times, the acoustic reflections add coherently in time. Thus, if the layered structure is irradiated by a laser modulated at the correct frequency, a highly directional acoustic beam with many of the properties of a distributed feedback laser is produced. We have also investigated the photoacoustic effect that is produced in India ink, which is a suspension of carbon in water. We have found a surprising "giant" photoacoustic effect where the amplitude of the effect is roughly 2000 times as large as it would normally be in a dye solution. The remarkable size of the effect comes as a result of chemical reactions that take place between carbon and water at the high temperatures produced by the laser. The mix of reaction products turns out to be fascinating in itself - the pulsed laser creates conditions of high pressure and temperature where a distribution of products is produced that is not found under any other laboratory conditions.

We are initiating a program of tissue imaging using the ultrasonic vibration potential in colloidal suspensions. The work is motivated by the search for more sensitive methods for detection breast tumors—methods to detect the presence of tumors at their earliest stages of development. The primary difficulty in using x-rays for mammography is that the contrast mechanism for distinguishing tumors from healthy tissue depends on density differences, which are not so large as to allow early detection. The vibration potential offers the possibility of high sensitivity detection precisely as a result of its contrast mechanism. We have found that the ultrasonic vibration potential is roughly fifty times that for muscle and fatty tissue. Since tumors are highly vascularized, that is, they are surrounded by a large network of blood vessels, hence, a detector of blood concentration becomes a detector of tumors.

Colloids are suspensions of charged particles in a liquid with a counter charge distributed in the fluid around each particle. The counter charge, which is normally a spherical distribution around the particles, gives the solution overall charge neutrality and stabilizes the suspension against particle agglomeration. When sound propagates through a suspension where the particles have either a higher or lower density than that of the surrounding fluid, the amplitude and phase of the particle motion, owing to the difference in inertia between the particle and the volume of fluid it displaces, differs from that of the fluid so that fluid flows back and forth relative to the particle on alternating phases of the acoustic cycle. Since the counter charge is carried by the fluid, the oscillatory motion of the fluid relative to the particle distorts the normally spherical counter charge distribution creating an oscillating dipole at the site of each particle, which, added over a half wavelength of the sound wave, results in a macroscopic voltage that can be recorded by a pair of electrodes placed in the solution.

 

US Army Medical Research And Materiel Command:
2002-2007, "Electroacoustic Tissue Imaging", $1,987,165

US Department of Defense Breast Cancer Imaging Research Program:
2003,"High-Resolution X-Ray Phase Contrast Imaging with Acoustic Tissue-Selective Contrast Enhancement" $500,000 with Christoph Rose-Petruck

US Department of Energy:
2008-2012, "Ultrasonic distillation thermal diffusion and photoacoustics" $540,000
2006-2008, "Photoacoustic and Thermal Effects in Particulate Suspensions" $200,000
2003-2006, "Experimental Studies of Photoacoustic and Photochemical Effects" $401,520
2001-2002, "Photoacoustic and Photothermal Effects in Fluids" $90,000
2000-2001, "Photoacoustic and Photothermal Effects in Fluids" $90,000
1999-2000, "Photoacoustic and Photothermal Effects in Fluids" $90,000
1998-1999, "Thermal Generation of the Photoacoustic Effect" $88,000
1997-1998, "Thermal Generation of the Photoacoustic Effect" $88,000
1996-1997, "Thermal Generation of the Photoacoustic Effect" $88,000
1995-1996, "Thermal Generation of the Photoacoustic Effect" $86,000
1994-1995, "Thermal Generation of the Photoacoustic Effect" $86,000
1993-1994, "Photochemical Generation of the Optoacoustic Effect" $58,000
1992-1993, "Photochemical Generation of the Optoacoustic Effect" $86,000
1991-1992, "Photochemical Generation of the Optoacoustic Effect" $94,000
1990-1991, "Photochemical Generation of the Optoacoustic Effect" $80,000
1989-1990, "Photochemical Generation of the Optoacoustic Effect" $80,000
1988-1989, "Thermal Generation of the Photoacoustic Effect" $80,000
1987-1988, "Thermal Generation of the Photoacoustic Effect" $67,000
1986-1997, "Thermal Generation of the Photoacoustic Effect" $68,000
1985-1986, "Photochemical Generation of Optoacoustic Effect" $75,000
1984-1985, "Photochemical Generation of Optoacoustic Effect" $74,442
1983-1984. "Photochemical Generation of Optoacoustic Effect" $74,442
1982,"Photochemical Generation of Optoacoustic Effect" $55,338

ONR Grant:
1999-2002 "Miniature Photoacoustic Detector for Trace Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents" with M. Zimmt $576,502

University Research Council:
2000-2001,"Excited States Lifetime of Biologically Active Hindered Zinc Perfluoralky Perflourophthalocyanine" $15,000 with S. Gorun

National Academy of Sciences:
1994-1995, "COBASE Grant" $2,000

National Institutes of Health:
1983-1984, "Optoacoustic Detection of Carcinogens" $43,076
1984-1985, "Optoacoustic Detection of Carcinogens" $43,000
1985-1986, "Optoacoustic Detection of Carcinogens" $120,287
1986-1987, "Optoacoustic Detection of Carcinogens" $90,371
1987-1988, "Optoacoustic Detection of Carcinogens" $86,677
1988-1989, "Optoacoustic Detection of Carcinogens" $86,677

Alcoa Foundation Research Award $7,500

BRSG, "Laser Stabilized Recording of Small Absorbance Changes in Isotopically Labelled Systems"
"Photoacoustic Detection of Environmental Particulate Contaminants and Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Metal-Organic systems" with M. Zimmt, $9,900 "Narrowband Laser Detection of Optical Rotatory Dispersion" with M. Maricq $7,335

DOD, 1987-1988, "Laser Based Detection of Toxic Compounds" $146,625

National Science Foundation (MRL Grant):
1980, "Inelastic Scattering of Diatomic Molecules from Solid Surfaces" $3,040
1981, "Inelastic Scattering of Diatomic Molecules from Solid Surfaces" $16,075
1982, "Inelastic Scattering of Diatomic Molecules from Solid Surfaces" $19,590
1983, "Materials Research Laboratory, Surface Scattering as Probed with High Resolution Laser Techniques" $24,000
1984, "Materials Research Laboratory, Surface Scattering as Probed with High Resolution Laser Techniques" $24,000
1985, "Materials Research Laboratory, Surface Scattering as Probed with High Resolution Laser Techniques." $19,350
1986, "Materials Research Laboratory, Surface Scattering as Probed with High Resolution Laser Techniques" $29,237
1987, "Materials Research Laboratory, Surface Scattering as Probed with High Resolution Laser Techniques" $29,237

Biomedical Research Support Grant:
1979, "High Sensitivity Detection of Carcinogens" $3000
1980, "High Sensitivity Detection of Carcinogens" $3765
Petroleum Research Fund, 1979, "Experimental Study of Translational Energy and Orientation Effects in Vibration-to-Electronic Energy Transfer" $10,000

American Cancer Society Sub-grant:
1979, "Laser Optoacoustic Detection of Carcinogens" $5,000
1980, "Laser Optoacoustic Detection of Carcinogens" $800

Research Corp:
1978, "Effects of Collision Geometry and Translational Energy in Vibrational-to-Electronic Energy Transfer" $12,850

PUBLICATIONS

 

"Vibrational Relaxation of Fluorine by a Shock Tube Schlieren Method" with R. Santoro and G. Goldsmith, J. Chem. Phys., 60, 4170 (1974).

 

"Differential Photodiode Detector for a Shock Tube Laser Schlieren System," with R. Santoro, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 45, 773, (1974).

 

"Density Gradient Measurements of Vibrational Relaxation in He-F2 Mixtures behind Shock Waves," with R. Santoro and G. Goldsmith, J. Chem. Phys., 62, 296 (1975).

 

"Observation of the Optoacoustic Effect in the Microwave Region," with D. McFadden, Appl. Phys. Lett., 29, 447 (1976).

 

"Kinetics of the O + F2 Reaction: A Case of Low Reactivity of Elemental Fluorine," with R. Krech and D. McFadden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 99, 4605 (1977).

 

"Density Gradient Measurements of Cl2 Dissociation in Shock Waves" with R. Santoro and G. Goldsmith, J. Chem. Phys., 67, 881 (1977).

 

"Effects of A/D Converter Resolution in Signal Averaging" Rev. Sci. Instr., 48, 1689 (1977).

 

"Chemi-Ionization of Ca, Sr, Ba, and Yb Atoms with the Halogens and Inter-halogen Molecules" with F. Engelke, H. Lee, J. C. Whitehead, and R. N. Zare, Chem. Phys., 20, 265 (1977).

 

"Laser Fluorimetry:  Subpicogram Detection of Aflatoxins Using High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography" with R. N. Zare, Science, 196, 1439 (1977).

 

"Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation of SF6 in a Molecular Beam: Observation of F Atoms by Chemi-Ionization Detection" with F Engelke, D. L. Lubman, J. C. Whitehead, and R. N. Zare, J. Chem. Phys., 67, 5407 (1977).

 

"Density Gradient Measurements of Vibrational Relaxation in Ar-ClF Mixtures Behind Shock Waves" with R. Santoro, J. Chem. Phys., 69, 1987 (1978).

 

"Laser Fluorimetry: Detection of Aflatoxin B1 in Contaminated Corn" with R. Zare, ACS Symposium Series 85, "New Applications of Lasers to Chemistry" (ACS Press, Washington, D.C., 1978), L Hieftje, ed.

 

"Determination of Zearalenone in Corn by Laser Fluorimetry," with N. Karny and R. Zare, Anal. Chem., 51, 67 (1979).

 

"Noise Reduction in EPR Discharge-Flow Studies", with D. L. McFadden, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 50, 157 (1979).

 

Laser Fluorimetric Determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Corn", with N. Karny, R. N. Zare and L. Seitz, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 62, 562 (1979).

 

"Acoustic Wave Generation in a Periodically Photodissociated Gas", J. Phys. Chem., 84, 2213-21 (1980).

 

"A Highly Variable Optoacoustic Phase Angle within the S0-S1 Band of Glyoxal”, with M. B. Robin, N. A. Kuebler, and K. Kaya, Chem. Phys. Lett. 70, 93 (1980)

 

"Optoacoustic Detection of Chain Reactions", with J. Hayden, Chem. Phys., 49, 429 (1980).

 

"Detection of Several Electronically Metastable Atomic States by Gas Phase EPR", with I. V. Rivas, S. Shafeizad and D. L. McFadden, Chem. Phys., 52, 453 (1980).

 

"The Optoacoustic Effect in a Photodissociated Gas", Proceedings of the IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium 1, 502 (1980).

 

"Direct Detection of Momentum Flux in Atomic and Molecular Beams", with J. G. Choi, J. Hayden, and M. T. O'Connor, J. Appl. Phys. 52, 6016 (1981).

 

"Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrum of Metastable 2P Atomic Nitrogen", with D. L. McFadden, Phys. Rev. A 25, 1504 (1982).

 

"Multiphoton Ionization Detection of NO Scattered from Solid Surfaces", with J. S. Hayden, J. Chem. Phys. 77, 4767 (1982).

 

"Microphone Detection of Pulsed Atomic and Molecular Beams", with J. G. Choi, Chem. Phys., 73, 19 (1982).

 

"Laser Schlieren Microphone for Optoacoustic Spectroscopy", with J. G. Choi, Appl. Optics, 21, 4087 (1982).

 

"Chemical Amplification of Optoacoustic Signals", with M. T. O'Connor, Nature 301, 321 (1983).

 

"Total Internal Reflectance Optoacoustic Spectroscopy", with P. R. Muessig, J. Appl. Phys., 54, (8), 4251 (1983).

 

"Interference in Atomic Fluorescence Following Photodissociation of Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules", Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 1344 (l983).

 

"Interference in Atomic Fluorescence Excited by Photodissociation of Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules", in "Coherence and Quantum Optics V, L. Mandel and E. Wolf eds (Plenum, New York, 1984).

 

"Radiation Induced Thermal Noise in Photoacoustic Detection Cells", with R. Stewart, J. Appl. Phys., 56, 1992 (1984).

 

"Optoacoustic Detection of Photodissociation and Termolecular Recombination in Cl2", with M. T. O'Connor, J. Chem. Phys., 81, 812, (1984).

 

"The Chemically Amplified Optoacoustic Effect:  Application to Chemical Kinetics and Trace Detection".  Proc. International Conference on Lasers' 84, San Francisco, 1985.

 

"Quantum Mechanical Interference in Two Photon Absorption: A Nonlinear Analog of the Hanle Effect", Phys. Rev. A 32, 2739 (1985).

 

"Interference in Atomic Fluorescence Excited by Molecular Photodissociation", Phys. Rev. A 32, 1458 (1985).

 

"Trace Detection Based on Chemical Amplification of the Optoacoustic Effect" with J. G. Choi, Anal. Chem. 57, 2989 (1985).

 

"The Inverse Optoacoustic Effect", Proc. 4th Int. Topical Meeting on Photoacoustic, Thermal and Related Sciences", Montreal, 1985 with S. Didascalou and R. Stewart.

 

"Quantum Beats in Atomic Fluorescence Excited by Molecular Photodissociation",  J. Chem. Phys., 85, 25 (1986).

 

"Relaxation of Optically Pumped Na on Impact with LiF" with P. R. Muessig, Surface Science 165, L59 (1986).

 

"Photochemical Generation of the Optoacoustic Effect:  An Acoustic Analog of the Method of Intermittent Activation" J. Phys. Chem. 90, 711 (1986).

 

"The Inverse Optoacoustic Effect:  Sound Generation Through Emission of Blackbody Radiation" with S. Didascalou and R. B. Stewart, Optics Commun. 58, 103 (1986).

 

"Photochemical Generation of the Optoacoustic Effect:  An Acoustic Analog of the Method of Intermittent Activation" with M. T. O'Connor and R. B. Stewart, J. Phys. Chem. 90, 711 (1986).

 

"Quantum Interference in Two-Photon Absorption:  Polarization and Magnetic Field Effects in Atomic Sr",  Phys. Rev. A, 34, 2547 (1986).

 

"A Thermal Piston Model for the Optoacoustic Effect:  Sound Generation in an Optically Thick Gas", with R. B. Stewart, Appl. Phys. Lett., 50, 13 (1987).

 

"A Helmholtz Resonator Optoacoustic Detector for Gas Chromatography" with J. G. Choi, Anal. Chem., 59, 519 (1987).

 

"Chemical Kinetics in Dilute Solution:  Photoacoustic Detection of Small Absorbance Changes in Chemical Reactions". with V. E. Anderson, H. Z. Cheng, A. Mahmood, and D. A. Sweigart, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, 6191 (1987).

 

"An Interferometric Microphone for Optoacoustic Spectroscopy", with S. M. Park, Rev. Sci. Instrument, 58, 772 (1987).

 

"Interference in Two-Photon Absorption at High Field Crossings" with R. Stewart in "Atomic and Molecular Processes with Short Intense Laser Pulses", (Plenum, New York, 1988).  A. Bandrauk, ed.

 

"Pressure and Velocity Profiles Generated by Laser-Heated Spherical Droplets" with X. Hu in "Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena", (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1988), P. Hess and J. Pelzl, eds.

 

"Optoacoustic Measurement of Isotope Effects in the H2-Cl2 Reactions", with S. Wyers, "Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena", (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1988).  P. Hess and J. Pelzl, eds.

 

"Numerical Calculation of the Photoacoustic Signal Generated by a Droplet" AIP Conf. Proc. 172, 747 (1988).

 

"The Photoacoustic Effect Generated by a Spherical Droplet in a Fluid", G. J. Diebold, and P. J. Westervelt, J Acoust. Soc. Am. 84, 2245 (1988)

 

"The Effects of Optical Pumping on Laser Enhanced Electron Impact Ionization" with S. M. Park, Optics Commun. 69, 253 (1989).

 

"Photoacoustic Generation of Anisotropic Pressure Waves Through Photodissociation of Cl2", with S. M. Park, and M. I. Khan, Opt. Lett. 15, 771, 1990

 

"Photoacoustic Waveforms from Laser Heated Particulate Matter", with P. Karcher, and S. M. Park, in Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena II, (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1990) J. C. Murphy, J. W. Maclachlan-Spicer, L. C. Aamodt, and B. S. H. Royce, eds.

 

Selective Ionization of Ba and Sr Isotopes based on a Two-Photon Interference Effect", with S. M. Park, Phys. Rev. A 42, 417, (1990)

 

"Production of Anisotropic Photoacoustic Pressure Waves by Photodissociation of Molecular Chlorine", with S. M. Park, and M. I. Khan.(Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1990) J. C. Murphy, J. W. Maclachlan-Spicer, L. C. Aamodt, and B. S. H. Royce, eds.

 

"Photoacoustic 'Signatures' of Particulate Matter: Optical Production of Acoustic Monopole Radiation", with M. I. Khan, and S. M. Park, Science 250, 101 (1990)

 

"Photoacoustic Effect in Strongly Absorbing Fluids", with S. M. Park, M. I. Khan, and H. Z. Cheng, Ultrasonics 29, 63, (1991)

 

"Photoacoustic Monopole Radiation in One, Two, and Three Dimensions", with T. Sun and M. I. Khan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 3384 (1991)

 

"Photoacoustic Waveforms Generated by Fluid Bodies" with T. Sun and M. I. Khan, in "Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena", Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1992, D. Bicanic, ed.)

 

"Generation of Ultrasonic Waves from a Layered Photoacoustic Source" with T. Sun, Nature 355, 806 (1992)

 

"Investigation of Viscosity and Heat Conduction Effects on the Evolution of a Transient Picosecond Photoacoustic Grating" with T. Sun, J. Morais, and M. B. Zimmt, J. Chem. Phys. 97, 9324 (1992)

 

"Photoacoustic Waves Generated by Absorption of Laser Radiation by Optically Thin Layers" with M. I. Khan and T. Sun, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93, 1417 (1993)

 

"Photoacoustic Waves Generated by Absorption of Laser Radiation in Optically Thin Cylinders" with M. I. Khan and T. Sun. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 94, 931 (1993).

 

"Properties of Photoacoustic Waves in One, Two, and Three Dimensions" with T. Sun, Acustica 80, 339 (1994)

 

"Distributed Source Photoacoustic Generation of Ultrasound" with T. Sun and H. Chen, Ultrasonics 32, 265 (1994).

 

“Thermally Launched Photoacoustic Waves”, with Y. N. Cao, H. X. Chen, T. Sun, and M. B. Zimmt, Journal De Physique C7, 713 (1994).

 

“The Photoacoustic Effect Generated by an Isotropic Solid Sphere" with M. I. Khan, Ultrasonics 33, 265 (1995).

 

“Thermally Generated Photoacoustic Gratings”, with H. X. Chen Proc. 15’th Int. Congress on Acoustics, Trondheim, Vol. I, 337  (1995).

 

“Chemical Generation of Acoustic Waves: A ‘Giant’ Photoacoustic Effect, with H. X. Chen, Science 270, 963 (1995).

 

“The Photoacoustic Effect Generated by Laser Irradiation of an Isotropic Solid Cylinder” With M. I. Khan Ultrasonics 34, 19 (1996)

 

“Production of the Photoacoustic Effect and Transient Gratings by Molecular Volume Changes”, with H. X. Chen, J. Chem. Phys. 104, 6730 (1996).

 

“Effects of Heat Conduction and Viscosity on Photoacoustic Waves from Droplets”, with Y. N. Cao , Opt. Eng. 36, 417 (1997)

 

Laser Chemistry in suspensions: New Products and Unique Reaction Conditions for the Carbon-steam Reaction", with H. X. Chen, and T. E. McGrath Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 36, 163 -166 (1997)

 

"Generation of the Photoacoustic Effect through Heat Diffusion: Transient Grating Measurements in Reverse Micellar Solutions", with Y. N. Cao, H. X. Chen, T. Sun and M. B. Zimmt, J. Phys. Chem., 101, 3005 (1997)

 

"Transient Grating Studies of Ultrasonic Attenuation in Reverse Micellar Solutions" with Y. N. Cao, and M. B. Zimmt , Chem. Phys. Lett. 276, 388 (1997)

 

“Chemical Generation of Sound Waves: Shock Waves and A "Giant” Photoacoustic Effect” with H. X. Chen, T. E. Mc Grath, and A. C. Beveridge, Proc. IEEE Conference on Ultrasonics, Toronto, 1, 719, 1997

 

“Theory of Thin Layer Photoacoustic Cells for Determination of Volume Changes in Solution”, J. Phys. Chem. 102, 5404 (1998)

 

“Sonoluminescence Initiated by Laser Irradiation of Carbon Suspensions”, with T. E. McGrath and A. C. Beveridge, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 1029 (1998)

 

“Sonoluminescence and Voltage Generation in Laser Irradiated Colloidal Suspensions”, with T. E. Mc Grath and A. C. Beveridge, Proc. X Int. Conf. on Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena, Rome, 1998

 

“Diffraction of Light from Phase Gratings at Large Modulation Depths: Experimental Results in Liquids Using High Power Lasers” with H. X. Chen, Optics Lett., 24 211 (1999)

 

“Laser Induced ``Regeneration" of Colloidal Particles: The Effects of Thermal Inertia on the Chemical Reactivity of Laser Heated Particles” with T. E. McGrath and A. C. Beveridge, Angew. Chemie 38, 3353 (1999)

 

“Photoacoustic Shock Generation in Carbon Suspensions” with A. C. Beveridge, T. E. McGrath, and A. A. Karabutov, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 4204 (1999)

 

“The Photoacoustic Effect Generated by Heat Diffusion” with I. Calasso and W. Craig, Analytical Sciences 17, 249, (2001)

 

“The Photoacoustic Point Source” with I. G. Calasso and W. Craig, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3550 (2001)

 

“Transient Grating Studies of Laser Induced 1Dg O2 Production By Photodynamic Therapy Agents” with A. C. Beveridge, B. A. Bench, I. G. Calasso, and S. S. Gorun, Proc. SPIE 4265, (Biomedical

Optoacoustics II) 167 (2001)

 

“Photoacoustic Evaluation of Photodynamic Therapy Agents” with Andrew C. Beveridge, Barbara A. Bench, Irio G. Calasso, and Sergiu M. Gorun, Proc ICA 2001

 

“Introduction of Bulky Perfluoroalkyl Groups at the Periphery of Zinc Perfluorophthalocyanine: Chemical, Structural, Electronic, and Preliminary Photophysical, and Biological Effects” with Barbara Bench, Andrew Beveridge, Wesley M. Sharman, Johan E. van Lier, and Sergiu Gorun,  Angew. Chemie Int. Eng. Ed. 41, 747, (2002)

 

“Laser Initiated Chemical Reactions in Carbon Suspensions” with T. E. McGrath, D. Bartels, and R. Crowell, J. Phys. Chem. 106, 10072 (2002)

 

“The Photoacoustic Effect Generated by an Incompressible Sphere” with A. C. Beveridge and T. Hamilton,  J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 112, 1780 (2002)

 

“The Photoacoustic Effect at Reflecting Interfaces”, with Theron Hamilton Rev. Sci. Instrum., 74, 801 (2003)

 

“Internally Excited Acoustic Resonator for Photoacoustic Trace Detection”, with S. Danworaphong, I. G. Calasso, A. Beveridge, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, Appl Opt. 27, 5561 (2003).

 

“Evaluation of Photodynamic Therapy Agents through Transient Grating Measurements” with A. C. Beveridge, B. A. Bench, and S. M. Gorun, J. Phys. Chem. A 107, 5138 (2003)

 

“Thermal Diffusion in a Sinusoidal Temperature Field” with S. Danworaphong, and W. Craig, Phys. Rev. Lett, 92, 125901 (2004).

 

“Quantities, Terminology and Symbols in Photothermal and Related Spectroscopies” IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division, Pure and Applied Chemistry with M. Terazima, N. Hirota, S. Braslavsky, A. Mandelis, S. Bialkowski, R. J. D. Miller, D. Fournier, R. Palmer, and A. Tam. IUPAC 76, 1083-1118 (2004)

 

“Vibration Potential Imaging: Theory and Preliminary Results”, with A. C. Beveridge, S. Wang, and V. Gusev, Proc SPIE 2004; 5320: 95-100

 

“Resonant Microphone based on Laser Beam Deflection”, with K. Roark, J. Appl. Phys. 96, 864 (2004)

 

“Vibration Potential Imaging” with V. Gusev, A. C. Beveridge, and S. Wang, Proc. NIST Conf. on Thermophysical Properties, Boulder, 2004

 

“Imaging based on the Ultrasonic Vibration Potential” with A. C. Beveridge and S. Wang,  Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5466 (2004)

 

“Acoustic Radiation Pressure: a “Phase Contrast” Agent for X-ray Phase Contrast Imaging, C. Bailat, T. Hamilton, C. Rose-Petruck, and Gerald J. Diebold Appl. Phys. Lett  85 4517-4519 (2004)

 

“Acoustically Modulated X-Ray Phase Contrast Imaging”  T. Hamilton, and C. Bailat, C. Rose-Petruck, and Gerald J. Diebold, Phys. Med. Bio. 49, 4985-4996 (2004)

 

“Imaging with the Ultrasonic Vibration Potential: A Theory for Current Generation” with V. E. Gusev Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 31, 273 (2005)

 

“The Theory of Ultrasonic Vibration Potential Imaging” A. C. Beveridge, S. Wang, and V. E. Gusev, Journal de Physique IV 125, 69 (2005)

 

“Acoustically Modulated X-Ray Phase Contrast and Vibration Potential Imaging” with a. C. Beveridge, C. J. Bailat, T. J. Hamilton, S. Wang, C. Rose-Petruck, and V. E. Gusev Proceedings of the SPIE 5697, 90-98 (2005) Selected as the best conference paper

 

“Thermal Diffusion Shock Waves” with S. Danworaphong, W. Craig, and V. Gusev, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 095901 (2005) selected for Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science and Technology 21 March 2005

 

“Mathematical Analysis of Thermal Diffusion Shock Waves”, with V. Gusev, R. LiVoti, and S. Danworaphong, Phys. Rev. E 72, 041205, (2005)

 

“Transient Gratings Generated by Particulate Suspensions: The Uniformly Irradiated Sphere and the Point Source” with C. Frez, I. G. Calasso J. Chem. Phys. 124, 034905 (2006)

 

“Determination of Thermophysical Properties of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids by the Transient Grating Technique”, with C. Frez, C. D. Tran and S. Yu  J. Chem. Eng Data. 51, 1250 (2006)

 

“Ultrasonically Modulated X-ray Phase Contrast and Vibration Potential Imaging”, Theron J. Hamilton, Guohua Cao, Shougang Wang Cuong K. Nguyen,  Shengqiong Li, Stephan Gehring, Jack Wands, and Christoph Rose-Petruck, Prog. in Biomed Opt. and Imag. 7, 6086, 608601-1/10 (2006)

 

“Ultrasonically Modulated X-ray Phase Contrast Imaging”, with Theron J. Hamilton, Guohua Cao, Shougang Wang,  Cuong K. Nguyen,  Shengqiong Li, Stephan Gehring, Jack Wands, and Christoph Rose-Petruck, Proc. Proc. 2006 IEEE Symp. on Biomedical Imaging: Macro to Nano 10818,1108-1111 (2006).

 

“Frequency Domain Vibration Potential Imaging: Objects with Symmetry in One Dimension”, A. Beveridge,  Shengqiong Li, C. Nguyen, and G. J. Diebold, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 243902 (2006)

 

“X-ray Phase Contrast Imaging: Transmission Functions Separable in Cartesian Coordinates”, G. Cao, T. Hamilton, C. Rose-Petruck, and G. J. Diebold, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A., 24, 1201-1208 (2007)

 

Ultrasonic Vibration Potential Imaging: Theory and Experiments” S. Wang, C. Nguyen, and G. J. Diebold, Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging, Photons Plus Ultrasound: Imaging and Sensing 2007, 8 64370N, (2007).

 

Photothermal Modification of X-ray Phase Contrast Images”  C. Laperle, G. Cao, T. J. Hamilton C. Rose-Petruck, and G. J. Diebold,  Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging, Photons Plus Ultrasound: Imaging and Sensing 2007, 6437, 64371N1-5,  (2007)

 

“Propagation based differential phase contrast imaging and tomography of murine tissue with a laser plasma x-ray source", Xiaodi Li, Brian Ahr, Christopher M. Laperle, Philip Wintermeyer, Daxin Shi, Mark Anastasio, Jack Wands, Gerald J. Diebold, and Christoph Rose-Petruck,  Appl. Phys. Lett 91, 173901-3 (2007) also Virtual Journal of Biological Physics Research.

 

"Laser Generation of Gas Bubbles: Photoacoustic and Photothermal Effects Recorded in Transient Grating Experiments", C. Frez and G. J. Diebold, J. Chem. Phys. 129, 184506 (2008) also Virtual Journal of Ultrafast Science, December 2008.

 

“A Search for Laser Heating of a Sonoluminescing Bubble” G. Cao, S. Danworaphong, and G. J. Diebold, Eur. Phys. J. 153, 215-221 (2008).

 

“Photoacoustic Effect from Particles and Bubbles” C. Frez and G. J. Diebold, Eur. Phys. J. 153, 307-311 (2008).

 

“Potential Distributions from Electroacoustic Polarization Sources” Cuong Nguyen, Vitalyi Gusev, and Gerald Diebold, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 1841041-3 (2008)

 

Low density contrast agents for x-ray phase contrast imaging: the use of ambient air for x-ray angiography of excised murine liver tissue”, Christopher M. Laperle, Theron J. Hamilton, Philip Wintermeyer, Evan J. Walker, Daxin Shi, Mark A. Anastasio,  Zoltan Derdak, Jack R. Wands, Gerald Diebold, and Christoph Rose-Petruck, Phys. Med. Biol. 53, 6911-6923 (2008)

 

“X-ray Elastography: Modification of X-ray Phase Contrast Images using Ultrasonic Radiation Pressure”, Theron J. Hamilton, Claude Bailat, Stephan Gehring, Christopher M. Laperle, Jack Wands, Christoph Rose-Petruck, and Gerald J. Diebold  J. Appl. Phys. 105, 102001/1-4 (2009)

 

“Vibration potential imaging: mechanism of voltage production and frequency dependence”, Guong Nguyen, Shougang Wang, and Gerald Diebold, J. Appl. Phys. 105, 102003/1-102003/4 (2009)

 

Preface to Special Topics Edition: Applied Biophysics. Andreas Mandelis, Gerald J. Diebold Takehiko Kitamore, Akihide Hibara, and Alex  Vitkin, J. Appl. Phys.105 101901/1-2 (2009)

 

“X-ray Phase Contrast Imaging: Transmission Functions Separable in Cylindrical Coordinates”, Guohua Cao, Theron Hamilton, Christopher M. Laperle, Christoph Rose-Petruck, and Gerald J. Diebold,  J. Appl. Phys. 105,  102002/1-102002/6 (2009) Selected for Virtual Journal of Biological Physics Research

 

“The photoacoustic effect in a periodically modulated structure” Gerald J. Diebold, Journal of Physics, 214 012101 (2010)

 

“Comparison of ultrasonic distillation to sparging of liquid mixtures”, Hye Yun Jung, Han Jung Park, Joseph M. Calo, and Gerald J. Diebold Analytical Chemistry 82, 10090-4 (2010)

 

“Dynamics of thermal diffusion in a linear temperature field”, Vitalyi Gusev, Binbin Wu, and Gerald J. Diebold  J. Appl. Phys. 110, 044908 (2011)

 

“Ludwig-Soret Effect in a linear temperature field: Theory and experiments for steady state distributions”, Hye Yun Jung, Vitalyi Gusev, Hyoungsu Baek, Yaqi Wang and Gerald J. Diebold, Phys. Lett. A 375, 1917-1920 (2011)

 

Photothermal waves in a periodically modulated structure”, Binbin Wu and Gerald J. Diebold, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers and Optics 105, 619-622 (2011)

 

“Effects of exothermic chemical reaction on the photoacoustic effect from particulate suspensions”, Han Jung Park, Binbin Wu, and Gerald J. Diebold,  J. Chem. Phys. 134, 124513 (2011)

 

“X-ray spatial harmonic imaging of phase objects”, Yanan Liu, Brian Ahr, Alexander Linkin, Gerald Diebold, and Christoph Rose-Petruck, Opt. Lett 36, 2209-2211 (2011)

 

“Photoacoustic effect in a sinusoidally modulated structure”, Binbin Wu and Gerald J. Diebold Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 164102 (2012)

 

“Solutions of the Mathieu equation for the photoacoustic effect in a sinusoidally modulated structure, Binbin Wu and Gerald J. Diebold, Phys.  Rev. E 86, 016602 (2012).

 

“X-ray spatial frequency heterodyne imaging”, Binbin Wu, Yanan Liu, Christoph Rose-Petruck, and Gerald J. Diebold, Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 061110/1-4 (2012)

 

“Mathieu function solutions for the photoacoustic effect in two and three-dimensional structures and optical traps”, Binbin Wu and Gerald J. Diebold  Int. J. Thermophysics  33,2185 (2012) (DOI) 10.1007/s10765-012-1266-1 (2012)

 

“Acoustics of the “crow” of the double reed”, Katherine Phillips, Hyeyun Jung, and Gerald J. Diebold (submitted to Acta Acustica)

 

“Vibration potential imaging of spherical objects”, Cuong K.  Nguyen, Vitalyi Gusev, and Gerald J. Diebold, Appl. Phys. Lett. 102,  254105/1-254105/4 (2013)

 

“Photoacoustic transients generated by laser initiated, ultrahigh thermal gradients”, Binbin Wu, Clifford Frez,  and Gerald J. Diebold Appl. Phys. Lett., 103, 124105/1-124105/4 (2013)

 

“Generation of  cavitation luminescence by laser-induced exothermic chemical reaction”, Han  Jung Park and Gerald J. Diebold,  J. Appl. Phys. 114, 064913-4 (2013) DOI: 10.1063/1.4818516

 

“Thermally induced photoacoustic transients produced by laser-irradiated fluid spheres”, Clifford Frez and Gerald J. Diebold, Int. J. Thermophysics  DOI: 10.1007/s10765-013-1558-0

BOOKS;

Thermal Diffusion Shock Waves, Sorasak Danworaphong, Walter Craig and Gerald J. Diebold, (VDM Verlag, Beau-Bassin, Germany) 2008

 

Ultrasonic Vibration Potential Imaging: Theory and Experiment, C. K. Nguyen, V. E. Gusev, and G. J. Diebold (VDM Publishers, Saarbrucken, Germany, 2010)  

 

 

REVIEW ARTICLES (INVITED):

 

“Photoacoustic Imaging in Biomedicine” Gerald J. Diebold, McGraw Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology, McGraw-Hill, New York 2014 (accepted for publication)

 

“Photoacoustic Monopole Radiation: Waves from Objects with Symmetry in One, Two, and Three Dimensions” in  Photoacoustic Imaging and Spectroscopy, CRC Press (Boca Raton) L. Wang, ed. Optical Science and Engineering 144, 3-17 (2009)

 

"Application of the Photoacoustic Effect to Studies of Gas Phase Chemical Kinetics" in "Photoacoustic, Photothermal, and Photochemical Processes in Gases" (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1989) P. Hess, ed.

 

BOOK REVIEWS:

Radiation Acoustics by L. M. Lyamshev in J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119, 14, (2006)

 

Smith Prize from the International Photoacoustic and Photothermal Society (2011)

Distinguished Lecturer, University of Toronto, 2012

Fellowship in American Physical Society, 2011

“Frontiers” Distinguished Lectureship, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK, 2008

 Best Paper Award (with coauthors) SPIE/BIOS  given by Fairway Medical, 2005

 Distinguished Scholar Award, Korea Science and Engineering Foundation, 2004

 Innovator Award, U.S. Army Medical Research And Materiel Command, 2002

 Alcoa Foundation Research Award, 1991

Professional:

               Assistant Editor and Member of Editorial Board, Photoacoustics 2012-present

               Editorial Advisory Board 2012-present, Photoacoustic Tomography

               Organizing Committee: Conference on Photoacoustic and Photothermal Theory and Applications

                 Warsaw, 2013

                International Advisory Board, for XV Conference on Photoacoustic and Photothermal

                Phenomena, Leuven, 2009

               Army Innovator Award Panel, Reston, Virginia, 2007

               Advisory Committee, International Photoacoustic and Photothermal Conference, Cairo, 2007

               Session Organizer, NIST symposium on Thermophysical Properties 2006

               SPIE Conference; Program Committee, 2003-2007

               Director: International Photoacoustic and Photothermal Society 2001-present

               Peer Review Panel: Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, 2004

               Review Panel: DoD Breast Cancer Review Panel, 2003

               Session Organizer, Invited Speaker: NIST symposium on Thermophysical Properties 2003

               Advisory Committee: Ninth International Conference on Photoacoustic and

                   Photothermal Phenomena, 2000

               Program Committee: SPIE/OSA Conference on Biomedical Opto-Acoustics, 2000-2006

               US Dept. of Energy Review Board for Environmental Science, 1998

               Editorial Board: Progress in Photothermal and Photoacoustic Science and Technology,

               SPIE, 1997

               Steering Committee: Ninth International Conference on Photoacoustic and

                    Photothermal Phenomena, 1996

               Chairman: 1992 Gordon Conference on Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena

               Organizing Committee: Sixth International Conference on Photoacoustic and

                    Photothermal Phenomena, Baltimore, 1989

               Editorial Board: Progress in Photothermal and Photoacoustic Science (Elsevier) 1992

Memberships:
              American Chemical Society
              American Physical Society

G. Diebold has taught a number of different classes ranging from Introductory Chemistry to Advanced Quantum Mechanics