Cooper, Leon

Leon N Cooper

Professor Emeritus of Physics

Overview

Leon Cooper was born in 1930 in New York where he attended Columbia University (A.B. 1951; A.M. 1953; Ph.D. 1954). He became a member of the Institute for Advanced Study (1954-55) after which he was a research associate of Illinois (1955-57) and later an assistant professor at the Ohio State University (1957-58). Professor Cooper joined Brown University in 1958 where he became Henry Ledyard Goddard University Professor (1966-74) and where he is presently the Thomas J. Watson, Sr. Professor of Science (1974-).

Professor Cooper is Director of Brown University's Center for Neural Science. This Center was founded in 1973 to study animal nervous systems and the human brain. Professor Cooper served as the first director with an interdisciplinary staff drawn from the Departments of Applied Mathematics, Biomedical Sciences, Linguistics and Physics. Today, Cooper, with members of the Brown Faculty, postdoctoral fellows and graduate students with interests in the neural and cognitive sciences, is working towards an understanding of memory and other brain functions, and thus formulating a scientific model of how the human mind works.

Professor Cooper has received many forms of recognition for his work, in 1972 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics (with J. Bardeen and J.R. Schrieffer) for his studies on the theory of superconductivity completed while still in his 20s. In 1968, he was awarded the Comstock Prize (with J.R. Schrieffer) of the National Academy of Sciences. He has also been awarded the Award of Excellence from the Graduate Faculties Alumni of Columbia University (1974), the Descartes Medal from the Academie de Paris, Université Rene Descartes (1977), the Yrjo Reenpaa Award from the Finnish Cultural Foundation (1982), the John Jay Award from Columbia University (1985), the Alexander Hamilton Award from Columbia University (1995), College de France Medal (2000). He also holds seven honorary doctorates. In 2013 Professor Cooper was awarded the Susan Culver Rosenberger Medal, the highest honor the Brown University faculty can give.

Professor Cooper has been an NSF Postdoctoral Fellow, 1954-55, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Research Fellow, 1959-66 and John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow, 1965-66. He is a fellow of the American Physical Society and American Academy of Arts and Sciences; Sponsor, Federation of American Scientists; member of American Philosophical Society, National Academy of Sciences, Society of Neuroscience, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Phi Beta Kappa, and Sigma Xi.

Research Areas

Research

Research Overview

Leon Cooper studies neural networks, including architecture, learning rules, and real world applications; the biological basis of memory and learning; mean field theories; the foundations of quantum theory; and superconductivity.

Research Statement

I am interested in the biological mechanisms that underlie learning and memory storage. One goal of my work is to describe the principles of organization that account for experimental data on the cellular level and can be applied to large numbers of neurons that receive sensory information.

In order to learn there clearly must be physiological changes. But it is not yet known what happens quantitatively at the cellular level when learning takes place and when memory is stored. Working with experimental and theoretical colleagues, I have developed mathematical theories that connect system properties with what happens at the molecular level. These theories have been confirmed in many experimental tests.

I am also studying the construction of artificial neural networks, networks that can learn, associate and reproduce such higher level cognitive acts as abstraction, computation, and language acquisition. Although these tasks are carried out easily by humans, they have not been easy to embody as conventional computer programs.

Funded Research

Current Funding:

Army Research Office, "Visual Analysis of Complex Scenes: Breaking Camouflage and Detecting Occluded Objects," 07/2004 -

Recent Past Funding:

Army Research Office, "Time-Frequency Computational Model for Echo-Delay Resolution," 09/2002 - 08/2005

Army Research Office, "Reducing the Cognitive Workload While Operating in Complex Sensory Environments," 09/2001 - 08/2004

DANA, "The Biological Basis for Memory and Learning Storage," 07/1994 - 12/2001

Prior support includes grants from: ONR, ARO, NSF, AEC, A.P. Sloan Foundation, J.S. Guggenheim Foundation, Ittleson Foundation, Charles F. Dana Foundation.

Scholarly Work

Apartsin et al. Semi-coherent time of arrival estimation using regression. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 132(2): 832-837 (2012).

Bazzani et al. Bistability in the master equation for dual phosphorylation cycles. J. Chem. Phys. 136(23), (2012).

Cooper, L. N and Bear, M.F., The BCM theory of synapse modification at 30: interaction of theory with experiment. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13:798-810 (2012).

Cooper, L. N, Feldman, D. (eds.) BCS:50 Years. Singapore: World Scientific Publishers, (2011).

Cooper, L. N Remembrance of Superconductivity Past. In BCS:50 Years. (Cooper, Feldman, eds.) Singapore: World Scientific Publishers, pp. 3-19, (2011).

Fox et al. New comparative genomics approach reveals a conserved health span signature across species. Aging 3(6), (2011).

Antosh et al. Comparative transcriptional pathway bioinformatic analysis of dietary restriction, Sir2, p53 and resveratrol life span extension in Drosophila. Cell Cycle 10(6), 904-911, (2011).

Antosh, M. et al. New comparative genomics approach reveals a conserved health span signature across species, Aging 3(6), (2011).

Cooper, L. N, STDP: spiking, timing, rates and beyond. Front. Syn. Neurosci. vol. 2 pp. 1-3, (2010).

Bazzani, A., Castellani, G. and Cooper L. N, Eigenvalue distributions for a class of covariance matrices with application to Bienenstock-Cooper-Munro neurons under noisy conditions, Physical Review E (2010).

Antosh, M. et al. New comparative genomics approach reveals a conserved health span signature across species, Aging 3(6), (2010).

Cooper, L.N and D. Feldman, Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory. Scholarpedia, 2009, 4(1):6439

Blais, B., Shouval, H.Z., Cooper, L.N "Effect of correlated lateral geniculate nucleus firing rates on predictions for monocular eye closure versus monocular retinal inactivation." Phys Rev E (2009) vol. 80, pp. 061915-1-061915-9.

Castellani, G.C., Bazzani, A., and Cooper, L.N "Toward a microscopic model of bidirectional synaptic plasticity." Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2009) vol. 106 (33) pp. 14091-5.

Blais, B.S., et al., Recovery from monocular deprivation using binocular deprivation. J Neurophysiol, 2008. 100(4): p. 2217-24.

Cooper, L.N., Fundamental Research And Infrastructure. Brown University Faculty Bulletin, 2008. 7(2): p. 6-10.

Francesconi, M., et al., Reconstructing networks of pathways via significance analysis of their intersections. BMC Bioinformatics, 2008. 9 Suppl 4: p. S9.

Blais, B.S. and L.N Cooper, BCM theory. Scholarpedia, 2008, 3(3):1570

Wang, J., P. Neskovic, and L.N. Cooper, Bayes classification based on minimum bounding spheres. Neurocomputing, 2007. 70(4-6): p. 801.

Cai, Y., et al., Effect of Stochastic Synaptic and Dendritic Dynamics on Synaptic Plasticity in Visual Cortex and Hippocampus. J Neurophysiol, 2007. 97(1): p. 375-386.

Wang, J., P. Neskovic, and L.N. Cooper, Improving nearest neighbor rule with a simple adaptive distance measure. Pattern Recognition Letters, 2007. 28(2): p. 207.

Leon, N, 2007 On the problem of consciousness. Neural Netw., 2007. 20(9): p. 1057-1058.

Cooper, L.N, The unpaid debt. Nat Phys, 2007. 3(12): p. 824.

Wang, J., P. Neskovic, and L.N. Cooper, Neighborhood size selection in the k-nearest neighbor rule using statistical confidence. Pattern Recognition, 2006. 39(3): p. 417-423.

Wang, J., P. Neskovic, and L.N. Cooper, A Statistical Confidence-Based Adaptive Nearest Neighbor Algorithm for Pattern Classification, in Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Advances in Machine Learning and Cybernetics, D.S. Yeung, Editor. 2006, Springer: Berlin. p. 548-557.

Wu, L., P. Neskovic, and L.N. Cooper. Biologically Inspired Hierarchical Model for Feature Extraction and Localization. in ICPR. 2006. Hong Kong.

Wang, J., P. Neskovic, and L.N. Cooper. A Minimum Sphere Covering Approach to Pattern Classification. in ICPR. 2006. Hong Kong.

Wu, L., P. Neskovic, and L.N. Cooper, Biologically Inspired Bayes Learning and its Dependence on the Distribution of the Receptive Fields, in Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Advances in Natural Computation. 2006, Springer: Berlin. p. 279-288.

Wang, J., P. Neskovic, and L.N. Cooper, Improving Nearest Neighbor Rule with a Simple Adaptive Distance Measure, in Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Advances in Natural Computation. 2006, Springer: Berlin. p. 43-46.

Wu, L., P. Neskovic, and L.N. Cooper, Learning by Integrating Information Within and Across Fixations, in Artificial Neural Networks – ICANN. 2006, Springer: Berlin. p. 488-497.

Wu, L., P. Neskovic, and L.N. Cooper, Learning by Integrating Information Within and Across Fixations, in Artificial Neural Networks – ICANN 2006. 2006, Springer: Berlin. p. 488-497.

Wu, L., P. Neskovic, and L.N. Cooper, Learning by Integrating Information Within and Across Fixations, in Artificial Neural Networks – ICANN. 2006, Springer: Berlin. p. 488-497.

Wang, J., P. Neskovic, and L.N. Cooper. Pattern classification based on minimum bounding spheres. in International Conference on Intelligent Computing (ICIC). 2005.

Wang, J., P. Neskovic, and L.N. Cooper. A Probabilistic Model For Cursive Handwriting Recognition Using Spatial Context. in IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP) 2005. 2005. Philadelphia, PA.

Remondini, D., et al., Targeting c-Myc-activated genes with a correlation method: Detection of global changes in large gene expression network dynamics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2005. 102(19): p. 6902.

Wang, J., P. Neskovic, and L.N. Cooper, Pattern Classification via Single Spheres, in Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Discovery Science, H. Hoffman, H. Motoda, and T. Scheffer, Editors. 2005, Springer: Berlin. p. 241-252.

Wang, J., P. Neskovic, and L.N. Cooper, Training Data Selection for Support Vector Machines, in Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Advances in Natural Computation, L. Wang, K. Chen, and Y.S. Ong, Editors. 2005, Springer: Berlin. p. 554-564.

Neskovic, P. and L.N. Cooper, Visual Search for Object Features, in Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Advances in Natural Computation, L. Wang, K. Chen, and Y.S. Ong, Editors. 2005, Springer: Berlin. p. 877-887.

Wang, J., P. Neskovic, and L.N. Cooper, Locally Determining the Number of Neighbors in the k-Nearest Neighbor Rule Based on Statistical Confidence, in Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Advances in Natural Computation, L. Wang, K. Chen, and Y.S. Ong, Editors. 2005, Springer: Berlin. p. 71-80.

Britt, M., et al., On Sums Of Consecutive Integers. Quart. Appl. Math., 2005. 63(4): p. 791-792.

Neretti, N., N. Intrator, and L.N. Cooper, Adaptive pulse optimization for improved sonar range accuracy. Signal Processing Letters, IEEE, 2004. 11(4): p. 409-412.

Neretti, N., N. Intrator, and L.N. Cooper. Pulse-train based time-delay estimation improves resiliency to noise. in Proceedings of the 2004 14th IEEE Signal Processing Society Workshop. 2004.

Yeung, L.C., et al., Synaptic homeostasis and input selectivity follow from a calcium-dependent plasticity model. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2004. 101(41): p. 14943-14948.

Yeung, L.C., et al., Metaplasticity and the Unified Calcium Model Lead to Input Selectivity in Spiking Neurons, in Computational neuroscience: trends in research 2004, E.d. Schutter, Editor. 2004, Elsevier: Amsterdam.

Wang, J., P. Neskovic, and L.N. Cooper. Context-based Tracking of Object Features. in International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) 2004. 2004: Springer.

Cooper, L.N., et al., Theory Of Cortical Plasticity. 2004, Singapore: World Scientific. 333.

Wang, J., P. Neskovic, and L.N. Cooper. Tracking Object Features Using Dynamically Defined Spatial Context. in ECOVISION. 2004.

Neskovic, P. and L.N. Cooper. Providing context for edge extraction in application to detection of cars from video streams. in Engineering Applications of Neural Networks. 2003. Malaga, Spain.

Neskovic, P., D. Schuster, and L.N. Cooper, Biologically inspired recognition system for car detection from real-time video streams, in Neural Information Processing: Research and Development, J.C. Rajapakse and L. Wang, Editors. 2003, Springer: Berlin. p. 320-334.

Wang, J., P. Neskovic, and L.N. Cooper. Partitioning a feature space using locally defined confidence measure. in Artificial neural networks and neural information processing-ICANN/ICONIP 2003. 2003. Istanbul, Turkey: Springer.

Yeung, L.C., et al., Calcium as the associative signal of Hebbian plasticity: application to multi-input environments. Neurocomputing, 2003. 52-54: p. 437-440.

Shouval, H.Z., et al., Converging evidence for a simplified biophysical model of synaptic plasticity. Biol. Cybern., 2002. 87(5): p. 383.

Neskovic, P., L.N. Cooper, and D. Schuster. A recognition system that uses Saccades to detect cars from real-time video streams. in Neural Information Processing, ICONIP. 2002.

Shouval, H.Z., M.F. Bear, and L.N. Cooper, A unified model of NMDA receptor-dependent bidirectional synaptic plasticity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2002. 99(16): p. 10831-10836.

Remondini, D., et al., Optimal spontaneous activity in neural network modeling. Neurocomputing, 2002. 44-46: p. 591-595.

Neskovic, P. and L.N. Cooper. Recognition as a process – using saccades to segment cursive script. in Fifth International Conference on Cognitive and Neural Systems. 2001.

Neskovic, P. and L.N. Cooper. Object segmentation using an array of interconnected neural networks with local receptive fields. in Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE/INNS International Joint Conference on Neural Networks. 2001. Washington, DC: IEEE/INNS.

Neskovic, P. and L.N. Cooper, Using Contextual Information To Selectively Adjust Preprocessing Parameters, in Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Bio-Inspired Applications of Connectionism (IWANN), J. Mira and A. Prieto, Editors. 2001, Springer: Berlin. p. 696-703.

Castellani, G.C., et al., A biophysical model of bidirectional synaptic plasticity: Dependence on AMPA and NMDA receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2001. 98(22): p. 12772-12777.

Neskovic, P. and L.N. Cooper. Recognition as a process – using saccades to segment cursive script. in Fifth International Conference on Cognitive and Neural Systems. 2001.

Blais, B.S., L.N. Cooper, and H.Z. Shouval, Formation of Direction Selectivity in Natural Scene Environments. Neural Comp., 2000. 12(5): p. 1057-1066.

Lee, A.B., et al., Statistics of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) activity determine the segregation of ON/OFF subfields for simple cells in visual cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000. 97(23): p. 12875-12879.

Neskovic, P. and L.N. Cooper. Neural network based context driven recognition of on-line cursive script. in Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition. 2000. Amsterdam: International Unipen Foundation.

Neskovic, P., P.C. Davis, and L.N. Cooper. Interactive Parts Model: An application to recognition of on-line cursive script. in Advances In Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS). 2000. Denver, CO: MIT Press.

Shouval, H.Z., et al., Structured Long-Range Connections Can Provide a Scaffold for Orientation Maps. J. Neurosci., 2000. 20(3): p. 1119-1128.

Cooper, L.N., Memories and memory: A physicist's approach to the brain. Int. J. Mod. Phys. A, 2000. 15(26): p. 4069-4082.

Blais, B.S., H.Z. Shouval, and L.N. Cooper, The role of presynaptic activity in monocular deprivation: Comparison of homosynaptic and heterosynaptic mechanisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1999. 96(3): p. 1083-1087.

Castellani, G.C., et al., Solutions of the BCM learning rule in a network of lateral interacting nonlinear neurons. Network, 1999. 10(2): p. 111.

Cooper, L.N., Memory, distributed, in Encyclopedia of Neuroscience 2nd enlarged and revised edition, G.A.a.B.H. Smith, Editor. 1999, Elsevier: Amsterdam. p. 1131-1133.

Huynh, Q., L.N. Cooper, and N. Intrator, Classification of underwater mammals using feature extraction based on time-frequency analysis and BCM theory. IEEE-SP, 1998. 46(5): p. 1202-1207.

Bear, M.F. and L.N. Cooper, From molecules to mental states. Daedalus, 1998. 127(2): p. 131-144.

Cooper, L.N., Scientific research: Who benefits? Who pays? Cerebrum, 1998: p. 30-37.

Intrator, N. and L.N. Cooper, BCM theory of visual cortical plasticity, in The handbook of brain theory and neural networks. 1998, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA. p. 153-157.

Blais, B.S., et al., Receptive field formation in natural scene environments: A comparison of single-cell learning rules. Neural Comput., 1998. 10: p. 1797-1813.

Artun, O.B., H.Z. Shouval, and L.N. Cooper, The effect of dynamic synapses on spatiotemporal receptive fields in visual cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998. 95(20): p. 11999-12003.

Shouval, H.Z., N. Intrator, and L.N. Cooper, BCM network develops orientation selectivity and ocular dominance in natural scene environment. Vision Res., 1997. 37(23): p. 3339-3342.

Cooper, L.N., "Shall we deconstruct science?" from Discussion: Psychology: From Hysteria to the Therapeutic Society. Partisan Review, 1997. LXIV(2): p. 232-245.

Blais, B.S., H.Z. Shouval, and L.N. Cooper. Dynamics of synaptic plasticity: A comparison between models and experimental results in visual cortex. in Computational Neuroscience. 1997: Plenum.

Shouval, H.Z., N. Intrator, and L.N. Cooper. Effect of binocular cortical misalignment on networks of BCM and OJA neurons. in Proceedings of the annual conference on Computational neuroscience: trends in research, 1997. 1997. Boston, MA: Plenum Press.

Blais, B., et al. Receptive field formation in natural scene environment: comparison of kurtosis, skewness, and the quadratic form of BCM. in Neural Information Processing. 1997: MIT Press.

Blais, B.S., H.Z. Shouval, and L.N. Cooper. The role of noise in visual deprivation: A comparison between models and experimental results in visual cortex. in Society For Neuroscience. 1997.

Shouval, H.Z., et al., Effect of binocular cortical misalignment on ocular dominance and orientation selectivity. Neural Comp., 1996. 8: p. 1021-1040.

Shouval, H.Z. and L.N. Cooper, Organization of receptive fields in networks with Hebbian learning: The connection between synaptic and phenomenological models. Biol. Cybern., 1996. 73: p. 439-447.

Huynh, Q., et al. Classification of underwater mammals using feature extraction based on time-frequency analysis and BCM theory. in Proceedings of the IEEE-SP International Symposium on Time-Frequency and Time-Scale Analysis. 1996. Paris, France: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

Blais, B., H.Z. Shouval, and L.N. Cooper. Dynamics of synaptic plasticity: A comparison between models and experimental results in visual cortex. in The Neurobiology of Computation: Proceedings of the fifth annual CNS conference. 1996. Cambridge, MA: Plenum.

Wiig, K.A., L.N. Cooper, and M.F. Bear, Temporally Graded Retrograde Amnesia Following Separate and Combined Lesions of the Perirhinal Cortex and Fornix in the Rat. Learn. Mem., 1996. 3(4): p. 313-325.

Shouval, H.Z., N. Intrator, and L.N. Cooper, Ocular dominance and orientation selectivity in networks of BCM neurons trained in natural environment, in Society for Neuroscience. 1996: Washington, DC.

Intrator, N. and L.N. Cooper, BCM theory of visual cortical plasticity, in The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks, M. Arbib, Editor. 1995, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA. p. 153-157.

Shouval, H.Z. and L.N. Cooper, LTP, LDP, and cortical receptive fields: What do they tell us about synaptic modification? in Current Issues in LTP and LTD, J. Davis and M. Baudry, Editors. 1995, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.

Cooper, L.N., Thought and mental experience: The Turing test, in How We Learn: How We Remember: Toward An Understanding of Brain and Neural Systems. 1995, World Scientific: Singapore. p. 379-392.

Perrone, M.P. and L.N. Cooper, The Ni1000: High speed parallel VLSI for implementing multilayer perceptrons, in How we learn, how we remember: toward an understanding of brain and neural systems: selected papers of Leon N Cooper. 1995, World Scientific: Singapore. p. 371-378.

Cooper, L.N., How we learn, how we remember: toward an understanding of brain and neural systems: selected papers of Leon N Cooper. World scientific series in 20th century physics; vol. 10. 1995, Singapore: World Scientific. x, 395.

Perrone, M.P. and L.N. Cooper, Coulomb potential learning, in The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks, M. Arbib, Editor. 1995, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA. p. 272-275.

Intrator, N. and L.N. Cooper, Information theory and visual plasticity, in The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks, M. Arbib, Editor. 1995, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA. p. 484-487.

Cooper, L.N., From gravity to light to consciousness: Does science have limits? in University of Bologna 900th Anniversary Lecture. 1995: Bologna, Italy.

Shouval, H., et al., Effect of eye misalignment on receptive field formation in realistic visual environment, in Society for Neuroscience. 1994.

Law, C.C. and L.N. Cooper, Formation of Receptive Fields in Realistic Visual Environments According to the Bienenstock, Cooper, and Munro (BCM) Theory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1994. 91(16): p. 7797-7801.

Seebach, B.S., et al., A Model of Prenatal Acquisition of Speech Parameters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1994. 91(16): p. 7473-7476.

Perrone, M.P. and L.N. Cooper, The cityblock dot product: Approximate MLP for VLSI, in Advances Neural Information Processing Systems, M. Kaufmann, Editor. 1994.

Cooper, L.N., Mind as machine: Will we rubbish human experience? Neural Networks and the Mind, Interdisciplinary Conference on Culture and Technology in the 21st Century: Brain Research-An Intervention in Culture, Dusseldorf, Germany, 1993.

Intrator, N., et al., Theory of synaptic plasticity in visual cortex, in Synaptic Plasticity: Molecular, Cellular and Functional Aspects, M. Baudry, R. Thompson, and J. Davis, Editors. 1993, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA. p. 147-167.

Law, C.C., M.F. Bear, and L.N. Cooper. Role of visual environment in the formation of receptive fields according to the BCM theory. in The self-organizing brain: from growth cones to functional networks: proceedings of the 18th International Summer School of Brain Research, held at the University of Amsterdam and the Academic Medical Center (The Netherlands) from 23 to 27 August 1993. 1994. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Perrone, M.P. and L.N. Cooper, When networks disagree: Ensemble methods for hybrid neural networks, in Neural Networks for Speech and Image Processing, R.J. Mammone, Editor. 1993, Chapman-Hall: New York.

Law, C.C. and L.N. Cooper, A BCM neuron trained with natural images. Proceedings of the World Congress on Neural Networks, INNS, 1993.

Perrone, M.P. and L.N. Cooper, Learning from what's been learned: Supervised learning in multi-neural network systems. Proceedings of the World Congress on Neural Networks, INNS, 1993.

Cooper, L.N., Physics: Structure and Meaning. New ed. 1992, Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England. xxv, 537.

Cooper, L.N., A message for SAY international. 1992.

Intrator, N. and L.N. Cooper, Objective function formulation of the BCM theory of visual cortical plasticity: Statistical connections, stability conditions. Neural Networks, 1992. 5: p. 3-17.

Cooper, L.N., Hybrid neural network architectures: Equilibrium systems that pay attention, in Neural Networks: Theory and Applications, R.J. Mammone and Y. Zeevi, Editors. 1991, Elsevier: Amsterdam. p. 81-96.

Cooper, L.N., Scientific fraud. George Street Journal, 1991. 16(15): p. 8.

Clothiaux, E.E., M.F. Bear, and L.N. Cooper, Synaptic plasticity in visual cortex: comparison of theory with experiment. J. Neurophysiol., 1991. 66(5): p. 1785-1804.

Cooper, L.N., Visual cortex: Window on the biological basis of learning and memory. Academic Press, San Diego, 1991.

Cooper, L.N., Brain and information research, in Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology, A. Kent and J. Williams, Editors. 1991, Marcel Dekker: New York. p. 35-47.

Cooper, L.N., et al., Neural networks: Test tubes to theorems, in Brain organization and memory: cells, systems, and circuits, J.L. McGaugh, N.M. Weinberger, and G. Lynch, Editors. 1990, Oxford U. Press: New York. p. 306-322.

Cooper, L.N., The key to the cathedral. Brown Alumni Monthly, 1990. 90(9): p. 64.

Reilly, D.L. and L.N. Cooper, An overview of neural networks: Early models to real world systems, in An Introduction to Neural and Electronic Networks, S.F. Zornetzer, J.L. Davis, and C. Lau, Editors. 1990, Academic Press: San Diego, CA. p. 227-248.

Bear, M.F. and L.N. Cooper, Molecular mechanism for synaptic modification in the visual cortex: Interaction between theory and experiment, in Neuroscience and Connectionist Theory, M.A. Gluck and D.E. Rumelhart, Editors. 1990, Erlbaum Associates: New Jersey. p. 65-93.

Cooper, L.N., Forward in "Neural networks: concepts, applications and implementations, in Neural Networks: Concepts, Applications and Implementations, P. Antognette and V. Milutinovic, Editors. 1990, Prentice Hall: New Jersey.

Cooper, L.N., The key to the cathedral. Brown University Faculty Bulletin, 1990. 2: p. 6.

Bear, M.F., L.N. Cooper, and F.F. Ebner, The physiological basis of a theory for synaptic modification, in Molecules to Models: Advances in Neuroscience, K. Kelner and J. D. Koshland, Editors. 1989, AAAS: Washington, DC.

Bear, M.F., L.N. Cooper, and F.F. Ebner, Synaptic modification model of memory and learning, in Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Supplement One, B. Inkhauser, Editor. 1989, Elsevier: Amsterdam. p. 156-160.

Cooper, L.N., First Word. Omni magazine, 1989. 11(6).

Cooper, L.N., Japanese-American relations: Moving toward the twenty-first century. The Yomiuri Shimbun Forum (2nd Nobel Laureates Forum) Tokyo, 1989.

Cooper, L.N., Local and global factors in learning, in Brain Structure, Learning and Memory, J.L. Davis, R.W. Newburgh, and E.J. Wegman, Editors. 1988, Westview Press: Boulder, CO. p. 171-191.

Cooper, L.N., Some recent developments in the theory of neural networks, in Computer Simulation in Brain Science, R. Cotterill, Editor. 1988, Cambridge U. Press: Cambridge, MA. p. 1-11.

Cooper, L.N., Learning more about learning and the brain. D. Cone and D. Galamaga, editors. Proceedings of the Symposium, Disability Unbound: Challenges to the Brain and Information Technologies, RI Dept. of Mental Health, 1988: p. 67-70.

Cooper, L.N. and C.L. Scofield, Mean-Field Theory of a Neural Network. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1988. 85(6): p. 1973-1977.

Clothiaux, E., M.F. Bear, and L.N. Cooper, Experience-dependent synaptic modification in the visual cortex studies using a neural network model. Society for Neuroscience, 1988.

Intrator, N., G.P. DeoCampo, and L.N. Cooper, Analysis of immune system retrovirus equations, in Theoretical Immunology, Part Two, A.S. Perelson, Editor. 1988, Addison-Wesley: New York. p. 85-99.

Bear, M.F., L.N. Cooper, and F.F. Ebner, Synaptic modification model of memory and learning, in Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Supplement One. 1988, Elsevier: Amsterdam.

Reilly, D.L., et al., Gensep: a multiple neural network with modifiable network topology. INNS Conference on Neural Networks, 1988.

Cooper, L.N., Cortical plasticity: Theoretical analysis, experimental results, in Plasticity, J. Rauschecker, Editor. 1987, J. Wiley & Sons: New York. p. 177-191.

Scofield, C.L., et al., Pattern class degeneracy in an unrestricted storage density memory. American Institute of Physics, New York, 1987.

Bear, M.F., L.N. Cooper, and F.F. Ebner, A physiological basis for a theory of synapse modification. Science, 1987. 237(4810): p. 42-48.

Cooper, L.N., Future of brain and information research. Naval Research Reviews, 1987. 39(3): p. 4-13.

Cooper, L.N., Origins of the microscopic theory of superconductivity. H. Kammerlingh Omnes symposium on the Origins of Applied Superconductivity, 75th Anniv. of the Discovery of Superconductivity, 1987.

Cooper, L.N., Origins of the theory of superconductivity. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 1987. 23(2): p. 376-379.

Bachmann, C.M., et al., A Relaxation Model for Memory with High Storage Density. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1987. 84(21): p. 7529-7531.

Cooper, L.N., Theory of an Immune System Retrovirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1986. 83(23): p. 9159-9163.

Cooper, L.N., Memory, distributed, in Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, G. Adelman, Editor. 1986, Birkhauser: Boston. p. 633-634.

Cooper, L.N., Neuron learning to brain organization. Cell Biophys., 1986. 9: p. 103-144.

Cooper, L.N., Modern science and contemporary discomfort: Metaphor and reality, in The Rights of Memory: Essays on History, Science and American Culture, T. Littleton, Editor. 1986, Univ. Of Alabama Press: Alabama. p. 76-96.

Cooper, L.N., Observations on art and science. Daedalus, 1986. 115(3): p. 177-181.

Cooper, L.N., P. Munro, and C. Scofield, Neuron selectivity: Single neuron and neuron networks, in Synaptic Modification, Neural Selectivity, and Nervous System Organization, W. Levy, J. Anderson, and S. Lehmkuhle, Editors. 1985, L. Erlbaum Assoc.: New Jersey. p. 175-192.

Scofield, C.L. and L.N. Cooper, Development and properties of neural networks. Contemp. Phys., 1985. 26(2): p. 125-145.

Cooper, L.N., James Clerk Maxwell, A Biography. Am. J. Phys., 1985. 53(10): p. 1021.

Cooper, L.N., A model for the development of neuron in visual cortex, in Models of the Visual Cortex, D. Rose and V.G. Dobson, Editors. 1985, John Wiley & Sons: New York. p. 164-171.

Cooper, L.N., Source and Limits of Human Intellect. Leonardo, 1984. 17(1): p. 40.

Cooper, L.N., Neuron learning to network organization, in J.C. Maxwell, the Sesquicentennial Symposium, M.S. Berger, Editor. 1984, Elsevier: Amsterdam. p. 41-90.

Cooper, L.N., Faith and science, in Symposium for the 350th Anniversary of the publication of Gallilei's Dialogue on Two Systems of the World. 1983: Rome, Italy.

Cooper, L.N., Visible and invisible in physical theory. Foundations of Physics, 1983. 13(2): p. 247-251.

Reilly, D.L., L.N. Cooper, and C. Elbaum, A neural model for category learning. Biol. Cybern., 1982. 45(1): p. 35.

Munro, P., C. Scofield, and L.N. Cooper, A theoretical framework encompassing generalizing and discriminating units applied to feature sensitive neurons in visual cortex, in Society for Neuroscience. 1982.

Bienenstock, E.L., L.N. Cooper, and P.W. Munro, Theory for the development of neuron selectivity: orientation specificity and binocular interaction in visual cortex. J. Neurosci., 1982. 2(1): p. 32-48.

Cooper, L.N. and M. Imbert, Seat of memory. The Sciences, 1981: p. 10-13,28-29.

Imbert, M. and L.N. Cooper, Visual Cortex: Where Theory Meets Experiment in the Central Nervous System. The Sciences, 1981. 10(13): p. 28-29.

Cooper, L.N. Distributed Memory in the central nervous system: Possible test of assumptions in visual cortex. in Neuroscience Research Program Colloquium. 1981. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Berkcan, E. and L.N. Cooper, Mohanty, U., The bethe ansatz, periodic boundary conditions and relations between various models. Phys. Lett., 1981. 81A(2,3): p. 172-174.

Berkcan, E. and L.N. Cooper, Bethe Ansatz Connection between one-dimensional models and their classification, in Physics of One Dimensional Systems. 1981, Springer-Verlag.

Cooper, L.N., Physics and physical ideas, in The 2nd B.W. Lee Memorial Lectures on Physics. 1980: Seoul, Korea.

Cooper, L.N., Source and limits of human intellect. Daedalus, 1980. 109(2): p. 1-17.

Cooper, L.N., Can science serve mankind? in Science in the Service of Mankind. 1979: Vienna, Austria.

Cooper, L.N., F. Liberman, and E. Oja, A theory for the acquisition and loss of neuron specificity in visual cortex. Biol. Cybern., 1979. 33(1): p. 9.

Berkcan, E., L.N. Cooper, and B. Stölan, Variational solution of the one-dimensional backward-scattering model with generalized coupling constant. Phys. Rev. B, 1978. 17(9): p. 3624.

Anderson, J.A. and L.N. Cooper, Biological organization of memory, in Encyclopaedia Universalis. 1978, Pluriscience France: Paris. p. 168-175.

Berkcan, E. and L.N. Cooper, One-dimensional systems: From metallic conductors to quantum fields. Journal of Less-Common Metals, 1978. 62: p. 349-359.

Berkcan, E., L.N. Cooper, and B. Stölan, Variational solution of the one-dimensional backward-scattering model with generalized coupling constant. Phys. Rev. B, 1978. 17(9): p. 3624.

Cooper, L.N., Do values play a role in science? Brown Alumni Monthly, 1977. 77(8): p. 19-25.

Cooper, L.N., The role of values in scientific inquiry. The Weekly Bulletin of Brown University, 1977. 2(14): p. 4-5, 9.

Cooper, L.N., Fermion systems in different dimensions, in New Phenomena in Sub-Nuclear Physics, Pt. B, A. Zichichi, Editor. 1977, Plenum Publishing: New York.

Cooper, L.N., Science and the human experience (Mephistopheles is alive and well living in the space age), in The Third Tykociner Memorial Lecture. 1976: U. of Illinois.

Cooper, L.N., How possible becomes actual in the quantum theory. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1976. 120(1): p. 37-45.

Nass, M. and L.N. Cooper, A theory for the development of feature detecting cells in visual cortex. Biol. Cybern., 1975. 19(1): p. 1.

Cooper, L.N., Comments on "The Brain-Mind Problem as a Frontier of Science" by J. C. Eccles, in The Future of Science (1975 Nobel conference), T.C.L. Robinson, Editor. 1977, John Willey & Sons: New York.

Cooper, L.N., Microscopic quantum interference in the theory of superconductivity. Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, 1974. 24(Sec. A): p. 313-333.

Cooper, L.N., A theory for the acquisition of animal memory, in Lectures of the International School for Subnuclear Physics. 1974.

Cooper, L.N., Microscopic quantum interference in the theory of superconductivity. Physics Today, 1973. 26(7): p. 31-39.

Cooper, L.N., Wavefunction and observer in the quantum theory, in The Physicist's Concept of Nature, J. Mehra, Editor. 1973, Reidel Publishing Company: Dordrecht, Holland.

Cooper, L.N., A possible organization of animal memory and learning, in Nobel Symposium on Collective Properties of Physical Systems. 1973, The Nobel Foundation: Aspensagaerden, Sweden.

Cooper, L.N., Microscopic quantum interference in the theory of superconductivity. Science, 1973. 181: p. 908-916.

Cooper, L.N., Wavefunction and observer in the quantum theory, in The Physicist's Concept of Nature, J. Mehra, Editor. 1973, Reidel Publishing Company: Dordrecht, Holland.

Stölan, B. and L.N. Cooper, Cycle analysis of diagrams generated by hamiltonians with the BCS topology. Nuovo Cimento, 1972. 10B(11): p. 291-324.

Anderson, J., et al., Some properties of a neural model for memory, in AAAS Symposium. 1972: Washington, DC.

Cooper, L.N., Microscopic quantum interference effects in the theory of superconductivity, in Les Prix Nobel. 1972, The Nobel Foundation: Sweden.

Cooper, L.N., The ethereal aether. Sky and Telescope, 1972. 44(3): p. 186-187.

Stölan, B. and L.N. Cooper, Cycle analysis of diagrams generated by hamiltonians with the BCS topology. Nuovo Cimento, 1972. 10B(11): p. 291-324.

Cooper, L.N., The rayleigh-jeans law is compatible with classical electrodynamics. Lettere al Nuovo Cimento, 1971. 2: p. 36.

Cooper, L.N. and S. Hu, Density of electron levels for small particles, in Electronic density of states. Based on invited and contributed papers and discussion, L.H. Bennett, Editor. 1971, U.S. National Bureau of Standards: Washington, DC.

Cooper, L.N. and B. Stölan, Origin of the Pairing Interaction in the Theory of Superconductivity. Phys. Rev. B, 1971. 4(3): p. 863.

Cooper, L.N., The humble cathedral. Physics Today, 1971. 24: p. 62.

Cooper, L.N., An introduction to the meaning and structure of physics, Short Edition. 1970, New York: Harper & Row. xi, 746.

Cooper, L.N. and D. Van Vechten, On the Interpretation of Measurement within the Quantum Theory. Am. J. Phys., 1969. 37(12): p. 1212.

Cooper, L.N., Something deeply hidden (advertisement), in New York Times. 1969: New York.

Cooper, L.N., An introduction to the meaning and structure of physics. 1968, New York: Harper & Row. xi, 746.

Cooper, L.N., On the pairing interaction in the theory of superconductivity, in Cargèse lectures in physics. 1967, Gordon and Breach: New York.

Cooper, L.N., Superconductors: superconducting and otherwise, in Recent Developments in Particle Symmetries. 1966, Academic Press: New York.

Stölan, B. and L.N. Cooper, Approximation Methods in Many-Body Perturbation Theory. Phys. Rev., 1966. 143(1): p. 209.

Cooper, L.N., A. Houghton, and H.J. Lee, Attenuation of Longitudinal Acoustic Waves in Type-II Superconductors. Phys. Rev., 1966. 148(1): p. 198.

Silvert, W. and L.N. Cooper, Theory of Nonhomogeneous Superconductors. Phys. Rev., 1966. 141(1): p. 336.

Cooper, L.N., The science journalist and the scientist, in UNESCO Conference Journalisme. 1966: London, England.

Stölan, B. and L.N. Cooper, Approximation Methods in Many-Body Perturbation Theory. Phys. Rev., 1966. 143(1): p. 209.

Cooper, L.N., A. Houghton, and H.J. Lee, Acoustic Attenuation in a Type-II Superconductor. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1965. 15(14): p. 584.

Schwartz, B.B. and L.N. Cooper, Flux Quantization and Generalized Pairing in Superconducting Cylinders. Phys. Rev., 1965. 137(3A): p. A829.

Schwartz, B.B. and L.N. Cooper, Does Superconductivity Imply Flux Quantization? Rev. Mod. Phys., 1964. 36(1): p. 280.

Cooper, L.N., Coherent states in a degenerate electron gas, in The many-body problem, J.K. Percus, Editor. 1963, Interscience Publishers: New York. p. 450-455.

Cooper, L.N., Some elementary theoretical considerations concerning superconductivity of superimposed metallic films. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 1962. 6(1): p. 75-76.

Cooper, L.N., Theory of the Knight Shift in Superconductors. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1962. 8(9): p. 367.

Cooper, L.N., Current flow in thin superconducting films, in Seventh International Conference on Low-Temperature Physics. 1961: Toronto, Canada.

Cooper, L.N., Superconductivity in the Neighborhood of Metallic Contacts. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1961. 6(12): p. 689.

Cooper, L.N., Theory of Strongly Coupled Many-Fermion Systems. I. Convergence of Linked-Cluster Expansions. Phys. Rev., 1961. 122(4): p. 1021.

Cooper, L.N., Lectures on the theory of superconductivity, in International School of Physics. 1961: Bergen, Norway.

Cooper, L.N., Theory of Superconductivity. Am. J. Phys., 1960. 28(2): p. 91.

Cooper, L.N., Theory of Superconductivity, in Brandeis University Summer Institute in Theoretical Physics. 1959: Boston, MA.

Cooper, L.N., Specific Heat Measurements and the Energy Gap in Superconductors. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1959. 3(1): p. 17.

Cooper, L.N., R.L. Mills, and A.M. Sessler, Possible Superfluidity of a System of Strongly Interacting Fermions. Phys. Rev., 1959. 114(6): p. 1377.

Cooper, L.N., Similarity laws in the theory of superconductivity, in Superconductivity Conference. 1959: Cambridge, England.

Bardeen, J., L.N. Cooper, and J.R. Schrieffer, Microscopic Theory of Superconductivity. Phys. Rev., 1957. 106(1): p. 162.

Bardeen, J., L.N. Cooper, and J.R. Schrieffer, Theory of Superconductivity. Phys. Rev., 1957. 108(5): p. 1175.

Cooper, L.N., The nuclear radius. Nuovo Cimento Supplemento, 1956. 4(10): p. 1125-1126.

Cooper, L.N., Bound Electron Pairs in a Degenerate Fermi Gas. Phys. Rev., 1956. 104(4): p. 1189.

Cooper, L.N., Mu-mesonic atoms. Nuovo Cimento Supplemento, 1956. 4(10): p. 1271-1277.

Cooper, L.N. and W. Tobocman, Deuteron Stripping and the Problem of Nuclear Radii. Phys. Rev., 1955. 97(1): p. 243.

Cooper, L.N., Some Notes on Nonrenormalizable Field Theory. Phys. Rev., 1955. 100(1): p. 362.

Cooper, L.N. and J. Rainwater, Theory of Multiple Coulomb Scattering from Extended Nuclei. Phys. Rev., 1955. 97(2): p. 492.

Cooper, L.N. and J. Rainwater, Theory of Multiple Coulomb Scattering from Extended Nuclei. Phys. Rev., 1954. 95(4): p. 1107.

Cooper, L.N. and E.M. Henley, Mu-Mesonic Atoms and the Electromagnetic Radius of the Nucleus. Phys. Rev., 1953. 92(3): p. 801.

Teaching

Teaching Overview

PHYS0100 Flat Earth to Quantum Uncertainty: On the Nature and Meaning of Scientific Explanation, Spring 2009-2012 and Spring 2014. Physics has had a dramatic impact on our conception of the universe, our ideas concerning the nature of knowledge, as well as our view of ourselves. Philosophy, sometimes inspired by developments in physics, has treated their impact on our lives. In this course, through a study of physics as well as selected philosophical readings, we explore how classical and modern physical theory have affected our view of the cosmos, of ourselves as human beings, as well as our view of the relation of mathematical or physical structures to 'truth' or 'reality'. We consider questions such as how we can know anything, from seemingly simple facts to whether a machine is conscious. Topics in physics will cover the classical theories of Galileo, Newton and Maxwell with emphasis on the twentieth century revolutions: relativity, quantum theory and quantum field theory, as well as their interpretations.

Physics 10/Visual Arts 14 Images from Science, Images for Science (with Richard Fishman) Spring 2006, 2007 & 2008. Images and objects that come from nature and science-from Elm trees to galaxies-can be a source of inspiration for the artist. But images, objects and animations can also help in the understanding of deep and subtle scientific ideas. In this course we present some basic ideas of physics and biology. These suggest images that can inspire works of art as well as those that can aid in explaining science.

Physics 10/Theater Arts 10 Science in Confrontation with Authority: The Drama, the History and the Science (with the assistance of Oskar Eustis and Kenneth Miller) Spring 2004 and 2005. Scientists and scientific ideas have had and continue to have well publicized confrontations with authority. Among the most famous are those of Galileo and Darwin. Current examples include arguments over stem cell research, as well as the creationist/evolution controversy. In this course through a study of the science and the history, as well as through dramatic readings of several especially relevant plays, we will explore the nature and/or the necessity of these confrontations. This new course will feature a dramatic reading by Tony Award Winning Actor Brian Dennehey, and a reading from Trumpery, a new play by Peter Parnell.

Physics 10/Theatre Arts 10 Encounter in Copenhagen: The Drama, The History and The Physics Behind the Visit (with the assistance of Thomas Biersteker, Oskar Eustis, and Abbot Gleason) Spring 2001, Spring 2002. In 1941, the physicist in charge of Germany's Uranium Project, Werner Heisenberg, visited his mentor, Niels Bohr, in Nazi occupied Copenhagen. The purpose of that visit has been a subject of continuing conjecture and is explored on several levels in the recent play, Copenhagen. In this course, along with viewing the play, we present the history as well as the physics necessary to enable the student to propose her or his own answer to the question explored in Michael Frayn's play, "Why did Heisenberg visit Bohr?"

Physics 10, Visual Art 12 (With Richard Fishman and Dietrich Neumann) Spring Semester 2000. This course introduces Newtonian and quantum physics as examples of scientific thinking as well as examples from the world of visual art. Among the questions explored will be to what extent concepts of truth and beauty change with time. In spite of these evident changes do some underlying themes remain constant?

Physics 10, Classics 3 and Media 120 (with Nancy Armstrong and David Konstan) Spring Semester, 1999. The dominant model of knowing today is represented by one physical science. But are there other ways of knowing? Can these explanations challenge the model of science? This course introduces Newtonian physics and modern quantum physics as two examples of scientific thinking, but also questions the range of the scientific model (can it explain such phenomena as history, the emotions, and imaginative literature?) and presents a post-modern interpretation: who knows, how we know, and what we know.

Physics 10 Experience and Explanation: Dialogues Among the Disciplines. Physics 10 attempts to provide us with a deep understanding of the world in which we live. In this course we present Newtonian and quantum physics as examples of physical theory and compare them with other methods for explanation or visualization. In different years we chose different fields for comparison.

Advanced Quantum Mechanics (Physics 207) . Relativistic wave equations, Dirace equation: Non relativistic limit, invariance properties, transformation properties of spinors, bilinear covariants, invariant interactions, electro-weak theory.

Current Issues in Neural Science (Physics 261-262). Various topics of current research interest in neural networks and/or the cellular and molecular basis for learning and memory storage are discussed.

Physics 1. The aim of the course is to introduce students, whose primary interest is not in the sciences, to such topics in classical and modern physics as Newtonian mechanics, relativity, and the quantum theory.

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