Professor Bower was educated at the University of Cambridge, and was a University Lecturer in the Department of Engineering at Cambridge before joining Brown as an assistant professor in 1991. He was a member of the Solid mechanics group in the School of Engineering, and worked on various problems in the field of mechanics of materials. He served as director of the Brown/GM collaborative research laboratory for computational materials research between 2006 and 2022. He also enjoyed working with Brown's talented undergraduates in the large introductory engineering courses. He retired in 2022.
| Jagtap, Piyush, Jain, Nupur, Bower, Allan, Chason, Eric. "Sn Whisker Growth During Mechanical Loading and Unloading: Highlighting the Critical Role of Stress in Whisker Growth." Journal of Electronic Materials, vol. 52, no. 2, 2022, pp. 773-781. |
| Jain, Nupur, Wang, Xincheng, Jagtap, Piyush, Bower, Allan, Chason, Eric. "Analysis of Pressure-Induced Whisker Nucleation and Growth in Thin Sn Films." Journal of Electronic Materials, vol. 50, no. 12, 2021, pp. 6639-6653. |
| Li, P., Kim, Y., Bobel, A.C., Hector, L.G., Sachdev, A.K., Kumar, S., Bower, A.F. "Microstructural origin of the anisotropic flow stress of laser powder bed fused AlSi10Mg." Acta Materialia, vol. 220, 2021, pp. 117346. |
| Li, Zhi, Kiran, Ravi, Hu, Jun, Hector, Louis G., Bower, Allan F. "Analysis and design of a three-phase TRIP steel microstructure for enhanced fracture resistance." International Journal of Fracture, vol. 221, no. 1, 2019, pp. 53-85. |
| Sun, Dingyi, Lee, Hyungsoo, Jeon, Changwoo, Bower, Allan, Kumar, Sharvan, Park, Ihho, Ro, Yunjo, Ayer, Raghavan. "Evolution of Microstructure and Creep Behavior in an Fe-Ni-Cr-Nb-C Alloy during Service in Hydrocarbon Cracker Tubes." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, vol. 28, no. 11, 2019, pp. 6588-6602. |
| Chason, Eric, Bower, Allan F. "Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of stress and morphology evolution in polycrystalline thin films." Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 125, no. 11, 2019, pp. 115304. |
| Hurd RC, Belden J, Bower AF, Holekamp S, Jandron MA, Truscott TT. "Water walking as a new mode of free surface skipping." Scientific reports, vol. 9, no. 1, 2019, pp. 6042. |
| Gerbig, Daniel, Srivastava, Ankit, Osovski, Shmuel, Hector, Louis G., Bower, Allan. "Analysis and design of dual-phase steel microstructure for enhanced ductile fracture resistance." International Journal of Fracture, vol. 209, no. 1-2, 2018, pp. 3–26. |
| Lee, Jin Haeng, Gao, Yanfei, Bower, Allan F., Xu, Haitao, Pharr, George M. "Stiffness of frictional contact of dissimilar elastic solids." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol. 112, 2018, pp. 318-333. |
| Hulikal, Srivatsan, Bower, Allan. "On the Role of Heterogeneity in Phase-Transforming Electrodes: Origin of Zero-Current Hysteresis." Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 164, no. 7, 2017, pp. A1401-A1411. |
| Pei, Fei, Buchovecky, Eric, Bower, Allan, Chason, Eric. "Stress evolution and whisker growth during thermal cycling of Sn films: A comparison of analytical modeling and experiments." Acta Materialia, vol. 129, 2017, pp. 462-473. |
| Hurd, Randy C., Belden, Jesse, Jandron, Michael A., Tate Fanning, D., Bower, Allan F., Truscott, Tadd T. "Water entry of deformable spheres." Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 824, 2017, pp. 912-930. |
| Srivastava, A, Bower, A F, Hector, L G, Carsley, J E, Zhang, L, Abu-Farha, F. "A multiscale approach to modeling formability of dual-phase steels." Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 24, no. 2, 2016, pp. 025011. |
| Gerbig, Daniel, Bower, Allan, Savic, Vesna, Hector, Louis G. "Coupling digital image correlation and finite element analysis to determine constitutive parameters in necking tensile specimens." International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2016. |
| Belden, Jesse, Hurd, Randy C., Jandron, Michael A., Bower, Allan F., Truscott, Tadd T. "Elastic spheres can walk on water." Nature Communications, vol. 7, 2016, pp. 10551. |
| Belden J, Hurd RC, Jandron MA, Bower AF, Truscott TT. "Erratum: Elastic spheres can walk on water." Nature Communications, vol. 7, 2016, pp. 11679. |
| Hulikal, Srivatsan, Chen, Chun-Hao, Chason, Eric, Bower, Allan. "Experimental Calibration of a Cahn-Hilliard Phase-Field Model for Phase Transformations in Li-Sn Electrodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 163, no. 13, 2016, pp. A2647-A2659. |
| Yoon, Insun, Abraham, Daniel P., Lucht, Brett L., Bower, Allan F., Guduru, Pradeep R. "In Situ Measurement of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Evolution on Silicon Anodes Using Atomic Force Microscopy." Advanced Energy Materials, vol. 6, no. 12, 2016, pp. 1600099. |
| Pei, Fei, Jadhav, Nitin, Buchovecky, Eric, Bower, Allan F., Chason, Eric, Liu, Wenjun, Tischler, Jonathan Z., Ice, Gene E., Xu, Ruqing. "In-situ synchrotron micro-diffraction study of surface, interface, grain structure, and strain/stress evolution during Sn whisker/hillock formation." J. Appl. Phys., vol. 119, no. 10, 2016, pp. 105302. |
| Baker, Daniel R., Verbrugge, Mark W., Bower, Allan F. "Swelling and Elastic Deformation of Lithium-Silicon Electrode Materials." Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 163, no. 5, 2016, pp. A624-A631. |
| Bower, Allan F., Chason, Eric, Guduru, Pradeep R., Sheldon, Brian W. "A continuum model of deformation, transport and irreversible changes in atomic structure in amorphous lithium–silicon electrodes." Acta Materialia, vol. 98, 2015, pp. 229-241. |
| Bower, Allan F., Guduru, Pradeep R., Chason, Eric. "Analytical solutions for composition and stress in spherical elastic–plastic lithium-ion electrode particles containing a propagating phase boundary." International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. 69-70, 2015, pp. 328-342. |
| Srivastava, Ankit, Ghassemi-Armaki, Hassan, Sung, Hyokyung, Chen, Peng, Kumar, Sharvan, Bower, Allan F. "Micromechanics of plastic deformation and phase transformation in a three-phase TRIP-assisted advanced high strength steel: Experiments and modeling." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol. 78, 2015, pp. 46-69. |
| Pei, Fei, Bower, Allan F., Chason, Eric. "Quantifying the Rates of Sn Whisker Growth and Plastic Strain Relaxation Using Thermally-Induced Stress." Journal of Electronic Materials, vol. 45, no. 1, 2015, pp. 21-29. |
| Nadimpalli, Siva P.V., Sethuraman, Vijay A., Abraham, Daniel P., Bower, Allan F., Guduru, Pradeep R. "Stress Evolution in Lithium-Ion Composite Electrodes during Electrochemical Cycling and Resulting Internal Pressures on the Cell Casing." Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 162, no. 14, 2015, pp. A2656-A2663. |
| Baker, Daniel R., Verbrugge, Mark W., Bower, Allan F. "Thermodynamics, stress, and Stefan-Maxwell diffusion in solids: application to small-strain materials used in commercial lithium-ion batteries." J Solid State Electrochem, vol. 20, no. 1, 2015, pp. 163-181. |
| Jandron, Michael A., Koch, Robert M., Bower, Allan F., Vlahopoulos, Nickolas. "Effectiveness of energy finite element analysis applied to submerged undersea vehicle noise prediction." The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 135, no. 4, 2014, pp. 2193-2193. |
| Jandron, Michael A., Magliula, Elizabeth A., Koch, Robert M., Bower, Allan F., Vlahopoulos, Nickolas. "Effectiveness of energy finite element analysis applied to submerged undersea vehicle noise prediction." [], 2014. |
| Pei, F., Briant, C.L., Kesari, H., Bower, A.F., Chason, E. "Kinetics of Sn whisker nucleation using thermally induced stress." Scripta Materialia, vol. 93, 2014, pp. 16-19. |
| Bucci, Giovanna, Nadimpalli, Siva P.V., Sethuraman, Vijay A., Bower, Allan F., Guduru, Pradeep R. "Measurement and modeling of the mechanical and electrochemical response of amorphous Si thin film electrodes during cyclic lithiation." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol. 62, 2014, pp. 276-294. |
| Chen, Peng, Ghassemi-Armaki, Hassan, Kumar, Sharvan, Bower, Allan, Bhat, Shrikant, Sadagopan, Sriram. "Microscale-calibrated modeling of the deformation response of dual-phase steels." Acta Materialia, vol. 65, 2014, pp. 133-149. |
| Cordisco, Fernando, Zavattieri, Pablo D., Hector, Louis G., Bower, Allan F. "On the mechanics of sinusoidal interfaces between dissimilar elastic–plastic solids subject to dominant mode I." Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol. 131, 2014, pp. 38-57. |
| Keralavarma, S. M., Bower, A. F., Curtin, W. A. "Quantum-to-continuum prediction of ductility loss in aluminium–magnesium alloys due to dynamic strain aging." Nature Communications, vol. 5, 2014. |
| Chason, E., Pei, F., Briant, C. L., Kesari, H., Bower, A. F. "Significance of Nucleation Kinetics in Sn Whisker Formation." Journal of Electronic Materials, vol. 43, no. 12, 2014, pp. 4435-4441. |
| Chason, Eric, Jadhav, Nitin, Pei, Fei, Buchovecky, Eric, Bower, Allan. "Growth of whiskers from Sn surfaces: Driving forces and growth mechanisms." Progress in Surface Science, vol. 88, no. 2, 2013, pp. 103-131. |
| Ghassemi-Armaki, Hassan, Chen, Peng, Bhat, Shrikant, Sadagopan, Sriram, Kumar, Sharvan, Bower, Allan. "Microscale-calibrated modeling of the deformation response of low-carbon martensite." Acta Materialia, vol. 61, no. 10, 2013, pp. 3640-3652. |
| Nadimpalli, S. P. V., Sethuraman, V. A., Bucci, G., Srinivasan, V., Bower, A. F., Guduru, P. R. "On Plastic Deformation and Fracture in Si Films during Electrochemical Lithiation/Delithiation Cycling." Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 160, no. 10, 2013, pp. A1885-A1893. |
| Sethuraman, V. A., Nguyen, A., Chon, M. J., Nadimpalli, S. P. V., Wang, H., Abraham, D. P., Bower, A. F., Shenoy, V. B., Guduru, P. R. "Stress Evolution in Composite Silicon Electrodes during Lithiation/Delithiation." Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 160, no. 4, 2013, pp. A739-A746. |
| Bower, A F, Guduru, P R. "A simple finite element model of diffusion, finite deformation, plasticity and fracture in lithium ion insertion electrode materials." Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 20, no. 4, 2012, pp. 045004. |
| Soni, S. K., Sheldon, B. W., Xiao, X., Bower, A. F., Verbrugge, M. W. "Diffusion Mediated Lithiation Stresses in Si Thin Film Electrodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 159, no. 9, 2012, pp. A1520-A1527. |
| Sethuraman, V.A., Van Winkle, N., Abraham, D.P., Bower, A.F., Guduru, P.R. "Real-time stress measurements in lithium-ion battery negative-electrodes." Journal of Power Sources, vol. 206, 2012, pp. 334-342. |
| Zhang, F., Bower, A.F., Curtin, W.A. "The influence of serrated flow on necking in tensile specimens." Acta Materialia, vol. 60, no. 1, 2012, pp. 43-50. |
| Cordisco, Fernando A., Zavattieri, Pablo D., Hector, Louis G., Bower, Allan F. "Toughness of a patterned interface between two elastically dissimilar solids." Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol. 96, 2012, pp. 192-208. |
| Bower, A.F., Guduru, P.R., Sethuraman, V.A. "A finite strain model of stress, diffusion, plastic flow, and electrochemical reactions in a lithium-ion half-cell." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol. 59, no. 4, 2011, pp. 804-828. |
| Cipoletti, David E., Bower, Allan F., Krajewski, Paul E. "A microstructure-based model of the deformation mechanisms and flow stress during elevated-temperature straining of a magnesium alloy." Scripta Materialia, vol. 64, no. 10, 2011, pp. 931-934. |
| Krajewski, P. E., Hector, L. G., Qi, Y., Mishra, R. K., Sachdev, A. K., Bower, A. F., Curtin, W. A. "Atoms to autos: A multi-scale approach to modeling aluminum deformation." JOM, vol. 63, no. 11, 2011, pp. 24-32. |
| Singh, N, Bower, A F, Shankar, S. "A three-dimensional model of electromigration and stress induced void nucleation in interconnect structures." Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 18, no. 6, 2010, pp. 065006. |
| Du, Ningning, Qi, Yue, Krajewski, Paul E., Bower, Allan F. "Aluminum Σ3 grain boundary sliding enhanced by vacancy diffusion." Acta Materialia, vol. 58, no. 12, 2010, pp. 4245-4252. |
| Wei, Yujie, Bower, Allan F., Gao, Huajian. "Analytical model and molecular dynamics simulations of the size dependence of flow stress in amorphous intermetallic nanowires at temperatures near the glass transition." Physical Review B, vol. 81, no. 12, 2010. |
| Zhang, F., Bower, A. F., Curtin, W. A. "Finite element implementation of a kinetic model of dynamic strain aging in aluminum-magnesium alloys." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, vol. 86, no. 1, 2010, pp. 70-92. |
| Sethuraman, V. A., Srinivasan, V., Bower, A. F., Guduru, P. R. "In Situ Measurements of Stress-Potential Coupling in Lithiated Silicon." Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 157, no. 11, 2010, pp. A1253. |
| Krajewski, Paul E., Hector Jr., Louis G., Du, Ningning, Bower, Allan F. "Microstructure-based multiscale modeling of elevated temperature deformation in aluminum alloys." Acta Materialia, vol. 58, no. 3, 2010, pp. 1074-1086. |
| Jarrar, Firas S., Hector, Louis G., Khraisheh, Marwan K., Bower, Allan F. "New approach to gas pressure profile prediction for high temperature AA5083 sheet forming." Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 210, no. 6-7, 2010, pp. 825-834. |
| Du, Ningning, Bower, Allan F., Krajewski, Paul E. "Numerical simulations of void growth in aluminum alloy AA5083 during elevated temperature deformation." Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 527, no. 18-19, 2010, pp. 4837-4846. |
| Jadhav, Nitin, Buchovecky, Eric, Chason, Eric, Bower, Allan. "Real-time SEM/FIB studies of whisker growth and surface modification." JOM, vol. 62, no. 7, 2010, pp. 30-37. |
| Du, Ningning, Qi, Yue, Krajewski, Paul E., Bower, Allan F. "The Effect of Solute Atoms on Aluminum Grain Boundary Sliding at Elevated Temperature." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 42, no. 3, 2010, pp. 651-659. |
| Jadhav, Nitin, Buchovecky, Eric J., Reinbold, Lucine, Kumar, Sharvan, Bower, Allan F., Chason, Eric. "Understanding the Correlation Between Intermetallic Growth, Stress Evolution, and Sn Whisker Nucleation." IEEE Transactions on Electronics Packaging Manufacturing, vol. 33, no. 3, 2010, pp. 183-192. |
| Buchovecky, Eric J., Du, Ningning, Bower, Allan F. "A model of Sn whisker growth by coupled plastic flow and grain boundary diffusion." Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 94, no. 19, 2009, pp. 191904. |
| Buchovecky, Eric, Jadhav, Nitin, Bower, Allan F., Chason, Eric. "Finite Element Modeling of Stress Evolution in Sn Films due to Growth of the Cu6Sn5 Intermetallic Compound." Journal of Electronic Materials, vol. 38, no. 12, 2009, pp. 2676-2684. |
| Wei, Yujie, Gao, Huajian, Bower, Allan F. "Numerical simulations of crack deflection at a twist-misoriented grain boundary between two ideally brittle crystals." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol. 57, no. 11, 2009, pp. 1865-1879. |
| ZHANG, F, BOWER, A, MISHRA, R, BOYLE, K. "Numerical simulations of necking during tensile deformation of aluminum single crystals." International Journal of Plasticity, vol. 25, no. 1, 2009, pp. 49-69. |
| Cipoletti, David E., Bower, Allan F., Qi, Yue, Krajewski, Paul E. "The influence of heterogeneity in grain boundary sliding resistance on the constitutive behavior of AA5083 during high-temperature deformation." Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 504, no. 1-2, 2009, pp. 175-182. |
| Zavattieri, Pablo D., Hector, Louis G., Bower, Allan F. "Cohesive zone simulations of crack growth along a rough interface between two elastic–plastic solids." Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol. 75, no. 15, 2008, pp. 4309-4332. |
| Wei, Yujie, Bower, Allan F., Gao, Huajian. "Enhanced strain-rate sensitivity in fcc nanocrystals due to grain-boundary diffusion and sliding." Acta Materialia, vol. 56, no. 8, 2008, pp. 1741-1752. |
| Wei, Yujie, Bower, Allan Francis., Gao, Huajian. "Mechanical Behavior Associated with Heterogeneous Grain-boundary Diffusion and Sliding in Nanocrystalline Materials." Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 2008. |
| Nicola, L., Bower, A.F., Kim, K.-S., Needleman, A., Van der Giessen, E. "Multi-asperity contact: A comparison between discrete dislocation and crystal plasticity predictions." Philosophical Magazine, vol. 88, no. 30-32, 2008, pp. 3713-3729. |
| Tello, Juan S., Bower, Allan F. "Numerical simulations of stress generation and evolution in Volmer–Weber thin films." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol. 56, no. 8, 2008, pp. 2727-2747. |
| Kumar, K.S., Reinbold, L., Bower, A.F., Chason, E. "Plastic deformation processes in Cu/Sn bimetallic films." Journal of Materials Research, vol. 23, no. 11, 2008, pp. 2916-2934. |
| WEI, Y, BOWER, A, GAO, H. "Recoverable creep deformation and transient local stress concentration due to heterogeneous grain-boundary diffusion and sliding in polycrystalline solids." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol. 56, no. 4, 2008, pp. 1460-1483. |
| Du, Ningning, Bower, Allan F., Krajewski, Paul E., Taleff, Eric M. "The influence of a threshold stress for grain boundary sliding on constitutive response of polycrystalline Al during high temperature deformation." Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 494, no. 1-2, 2008, pp. 86-91. |
| Bower, Allan F, Shankar, Sadasivan. "A finite element model of electromigration induced void nucleation, growth and evolution in interconnects." Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 15, no. 8, 2007, pp. 923-940. |
| Xia, S.M., Gao, Y.F., Bower, A.F., Lev, L.C., Cheng, Y.-T. "Delamination mechanism maps for a strong elastic coating on an elastic–plastic substrate subjected to contact loading." International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. 44, no. 11-12, 2007, pp. 3685-3699. |
| Agarwal, Sumit, Briant, Clyde L., Krajewski, Paul E., Bower, Allan F., Taleff, Eric M. "Experimental Validation of Two-dimensional Finite Element Method for Simulating Constitutive Response of Polycrystals During High Temperature Plastic Deformation." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, vol. 16, no. 2, 2007, pp. 170-178. |
| Tello, Juan S., Bower, Allan F., Chason, Eric, Sheldon, Brian W. "Kinetic Model of Stress Evolution during Coalescence and Growth of Polycrystalline Thin Films." Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 98, no. 21, 2007. |
| Wei, Yujie, Bower, Allan F., Gao, Huajian. "Recoverable creep deformation due to heterogeneous grain-boundary diffusion and sliding." Scripta Materialia, vol. 57, no. 10, 2007, pp. 933-936. |
| SHELDON, B, BHANDARI, A, BOWER, A, RAGHAVAN, S, WENG, X, REDWING, J. "Steady-state tensile stresses during the growth of polycrystalline films." Acta Materialia, vol. 55, no. 15, 2007, pp. 4973-4982. |
| Nicola, L., Bower, A.F., Kim, K.-S., Needleman, A., Van der Giessen, E. "Surface versus bulk nucleation of dislocations during contact." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol. 55, no. 6, 2007, pp. 1120-1144. |
| Callan-Jones, A. C., Pelcovits, Robert A., Meyer, Robert B., Bower, A. F. "Unwinding of a strained cholesteric elastomer by disclination loop nucleation." Physical Review E, vol. 75, no. 1, 2007. |
| Bower, Allan F., Weiner, Jerome H. "Role of monomer packing fraction in rubber elasticity." The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 125, no. 9, 2006, pp. 096101. |
| Gao, Y.F., Bower, A.F., Kim, K.-S., Lev, L., Cheng, Y.T. "The behavior of an elastic–perfectly plastic sinusoidal surface under contact loading." Wear, vol. 261, no. 2, 2006, pp. 145-154. |
| Gao, Yan-Fei, Bower, A.F. "Elastic–plastic contact of a rough surface with Weierstrass profile." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 462, no. 2065, 2005, pp. 319-348. |
| Singh, N., Bower, A. F., Gan, D., Yoon, S., Ho, P. S., Leu, J., Shankar, S. "Numerical simulations and experimental measurements of stress relaxation by interface diffusion in a patterned copper interconnect structure." J. Appl. Phys., vol. 97, no. 1, 2005, pp. 013539. |
| Gao, Y F, Bower, A F. "A simple technique for avoiding convergence problems in finite element simulations of crack nucleation and growth on cohesive interfaces." Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 12, no. 3, 2004, pp. 453-463. |
| Bower, A. "A two-dimensional finite element method for simulating the constitutive response and microstructure of polycrystals during high temperature plastic deformation." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol. 52, no. 6, 2004, pp. 1289-1317. |
| Bower, A. F., Weiner, J. H. "The role of pressure in rubber elasticity." The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 120, no. 24, 2004, pp. 11948. |
Professor Bower worked in the field of mechanics of materials for 35 years before retiring in 2022. Examples of problems he studied include:
| Year | Degree | Institution |
|---|---|---|
| 1988 | MA | University of Cambridge |
| 1988 | PhD | University of Cambridge |
| 1984 | BA | Cambridge University |
Institute of Mechanical Engineers Thomas Stephen Prize
Institute of Mechanical Engineers Bronze Tribology Medal
ASME Tribology Division Best Paper Award
Philip J. Bray Teaching Award
General Motors "Most Valuable Colleague" Award
Midwest Mechanics Lecturer (2013)
Dedicated Faculty Award (presented by engineering classes of 2013 and 2022)
Royce Family Professor of Excellence in Teaching (2012-2015)
Deans award for teaching excellence
Professor Bower has also published a general advanced level solid mechanics textbook at http://solidmechanics.org/
| ENGN 0040 - Dynamics and Vibrations |
| ENGN 1750 - Advanced Mechanics of Solids |
| ENGN 2340 - Computational Methods in Structural Mechanics |
